Training and development Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Preparing and improvement - Literature survey Example Along these lines, this implies it is progressively getting hard to characterize the board at the contemporary working environment because of irregularities in both the old style conceptualization of the executives and the genuine reasonable items of the executives in associations today, because of difficulties of the evolving condition. As per Andre De Waal et.al 2009 p.180, Vietnamese banks are progressively constrained to discover methods of improving execution to expand their seriousness in the profoundly serious Vietnamese financial industry. Rivalry frequently results to shortage of assets and decay of profits on venture particularly where associations have a low market quality contrasted with adversaries, and this absence of seriousness may in the long run outcome to hierarchical disappointment. Andre De Waal et.al presents on the a lot under explored subject of superior association and attributes of elite in the Vietnam banking industry, and a portion of the major HPO factors featured incorporate, however are not constrained to, nature of the executives and workforce quality. Quality administration involves setting up and keeping up trust associations with the human factor of the firm on all levels by esteeming staff steadfastness, approaching them decently with deference, understanding individual needs, notwithstanding promising conviction and trust in others. A HPO additionally builds up its workforce via preparing them to get key abilities and capacities, giving them chances to gain from others, and empowering innovativeness in the achievement of assignments through execution audits. The banks in the Vietnam banking division have gone under expanding strain to actualize preparing programs in light of the inescapable weights in the financial business, to accomplish both seriousness and manageability in the long haul. Ha Thu Vu and Sean Turnell 2010, p.115 states that the financial parts the world over have been dependent upon significant changes in th e course of recent decades through various factors, for example, deregulation, mergers and acquisitions, budgetary freedom, notwithstanding other change and rebuilding programs. They watch this developmental pattern in the Vietnamese financial industry that began with the change of Vietnam’s banking framework from a mono-level to a two-level financial framework; residential Vietnamese banks later experienced quick rebuilding programs, budgetary deregulation, and got incorporated into the worldwide monetary frameworks. Ha Thu Vu and Sean Turnell look at the cost productivity of the Vietnamese financial industry by consolidating the monotonicity and concavity limitations in ascertaining the cost outskirts utilizing the Bayesian methodology. What's more, this group of writing presents that the Vietnamese financial industry has experienced quick change projects to recapitalize the banks, to rearrange the board exercises, to improve staff aptitudes, and upgrade execution. This exp loration further sees that the general advancement of the financial business change has been inconsistent with the productivity of the Vietnamese banks staying negligible. Quang Truong et al 2010, p.75 feature the unavoidable spotlight on creating and dealing with the HR particularly in the light of the quest for upper hand and expanding

HR services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR administrations - Essay Example While there are an extraordinary assortment of clients of human asset administrations (HR administrations) inside an association, this exposition will distinguish three key clients, recognize two key requirements for every client, and clarify how they can be organized One utilization of the human asset office is through the recruiting and terminating of workers. In such matters, all parts of the association depend on the human asset division to guarantee that representatives are screened appropriately and when there are huge disciplinary issues that they be discharged. In certain respects, the human asset office can went up against with clashing needs in this classification; in such matters, it’s fundamental for the division to take care of an earnest need, however in many occasions handle these issues in the request they happened. Another client of HR is upper level administration, through worker record keeping; inside this administration the essential needs are for the utili zation of representative records, while keeping the records private from individuals from the association that are not conscious of them. In such matters, it’s essential for HR administrations to keep rigid record keeping, yet in addition to remain profoundly aware of which authoritative individuals are conscious of the particular recorded substance. Different clients of HR benefits inside an association are section level representatives. These representatives use HR administrations for both preparing projects and remuneration and advantage the board. In certain respects, there might be an irreconcilable situation here, as similar people answerable for preparing the division are liable for deciding pay rewards. In such matters, it’s important to have an outside division, for the most part the board, lead reports that will factor into worker progress reports and at last rewards. 2. Recognize at any rate 3 strategies for correspondence proper to representatives at variou s levels ? Among the various strategies for correspondence proper for representatives at various levels, this article will think about three fundamental sorts (‘Workplace Communication’). The primary kind of correspondence is verbal correspondence. Verbal correspondence speaks to the most immediate and maybe viable type of correspondence. The disadvantage of verbal correspondence is that it doesn't leave a record of the discussion that occurred, nor is it generally feasible for upper level administration to verbally address all the worries of section level, or low-level workers. In such matters, another degree of correspondence that is successful is composed correspondence. Composed correspondence capacities to create a reasonable and justifiable message in a setting that considers the people actualizing this correspondence procedure to guarantee there is a record of their correspondence. In such matters, composed correspondence is significant in issues wherein the indi vidual accepting the message is of high significance. It’s likewise successful when the message is unpredictable and it is helpful to have the option to survey the message. The last kind of correspondence that is considered is visual correspondence. For the most part outwardly correspondence is actualized through introductions from upper level to bring down level workers, yet it can likewise be executed in introductions that address upper level hierarchical individuals, as a methods for advising them regarding announcements, or proposing potential changes. Eventually, visual correspondence is best for addressing bigger crowds, or as far as elucidating hard to understand material through graph structures; at last it can exhibit business models or models profoundly successfully that couldn’t in any case be explained through verbal or composed specialized techniques. 3. Depicts the key parts of compelling assistance conveyance including: ? Administration conveyance has ta ken on an assortment of logical implications, clarifying and exact meaning of the different parts of the

Kirkpatrick, Jeane Duane Jordan

Kirkpatrick, Jeane Duane Jordan Kirkpatrick, Jeane Duane Jordan kûrkpa ´trik, kûrpa ´â€" [key], 1926â€"2006, U.S. public official, b. Duncan, Okla. Originally a Democrat, she was professor of political science (1967â€"1980, 1986â€"2002) at Georgetown Univ. when President Reagan chose her (1981â€"85) to be the U.S. permanent representative to the United Nations . There she gained a reputation for independent thought and pointed advocacy of U.S. positions, often criticizing the United Nations itself. Upon leaving the United Nations, she became a Republican and returned to teaching at Georgetown. She also served on several government commissions and was associated with the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative thinktank, from 1978 until her death. Among her books are Political Women (1974) and Dictatorships and Double Standards (1982). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Bi ographies

John Lewis Partnership Semi Automated National Distribution Centre - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1573 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? JOHN LEWIS PARTNERSHIP: SEMI AUTOMATED NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CENTRE (SANDC). INTRODCTORY PARAGRAPH: John Lewis is a well reputed and formalized partnership in a particular industry. It has a distinctive structure, being the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s largest cooperative where all 70000 permanent staff members are partners in top retail business which situated in the UNITED KINGDOM (UK). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "John Lewis Partnership: Semi Automated National Distribution Centre" essay for you Create order Partners are enjoying and getting benefits and profits which equally shared between them, where JOHN LEWIS partners feel comfort that they are partners in well reputed and top 10 retail partnership business in the UK rather than ordinary employee in an ordinary company or in someone else business. JOHN LEWIS partnership business consist in various department stores which called with name of partnership business, couple of JOHN LEWIS at home stores, multiple Waitrose supermarkets and various other business with a huge turnover which consist in billion dollars. A partnership business sell high-quality goods under a slogan of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"never knowinglyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ undersold which the company has used for over seventy five years. The stores typically stock more than 350000 product lines, ranging from fashion to furnishings and households goods. From above details we have formalized that JOHN LEWIS partnership business depends on supply chain management now for better unde rstanding about supply chain we need to consider under the following details: The concept of supply Supply refers to the quantity of a good that existing suppliers or would be suppliers would want to produce for the market at a given price. As with demand, supply relates to a period of time-for example, we might refer to an annual rate of a supply or to a monthly rate. The quantity of a good supplied to a market varies up or down for two reasons. (a) Existing suppliers may increase or reduce their output quantities. (b) Companies may stop production altogether and leave the market, or new companies may enter the market and start to produce the good. If the quantity that JOHN LEWIS competitors want to produce at a given price exceeds the quantity that households(consumers) would demand, there will be an excess of supply, with companies competing to win what sales demand there is. Over-supply and competition would then be expected to result in price-competitive ness and a fall in prices. Factors influencing the supply quantity The quantity supplied of a good depends, as you might expect, on prices and costs. More specifically, it depends on the following factors. Costs of making the good Prices of other goods Expectations of price changes Changes in technology Other factors. However, although JOHN LEWIS maintain its competitive advantage through SWOT analysis. (a method of environmental analysis looks at an organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s internal strengths and weaknesses as well as external opportunities and threats, known as SWOT analysis). SWOT analysis can be used in one of two ways. (a) The organization can develop resource-based strategies which enables the companies to extend the use of its strengths. This is common in retailing, for example, as supply chain business extend their own brands from food to other areas. (b) The business can develop positioning-based strategies. In other words identifying what opportunities are available and what the company has to do exploit them. In discussing competition , JOHN LEWIS can take competitive advantage by using Porter(competitive strategy) distinguishes between factors which characterize the nature of competition. In one industry compared with another(eg in the chemicals industry compared with the clothing retail industry, some factors make one industry as a whole potentially more profitable than another( ie yielding a bigger return on investment). Factors within a particular industry lead to the competitive strategies that individual firms might select. Five competitive forces influence the state of competition in an industry, which collectively determine the profit(ie long-run return on capital) potential of the industry as a whole. The threat of new entrants to the industry. The threat of substitute product or services. The bargaining power of customers. The bargaining power of suppliers. The rivalry amongst current competitors in the industry. JOHN LEWIS can sustain in a particular industry due to they decided necessitated growth from launching further warehousing and it was decided that the best way to complementing the existing distribution infrastructure was to introduce a SEMI-AUTOMATED NATIONAL DISTRIBUTION CENTRE (SANDC) to handle small sized items , employing the latest technology so as to improve efficiency and accuracy. The SANDC is designed to enable item-level picking and thus reduce the need for back store facilities. Furthermore, the SANDC assemble goods in the planogram(i.e. layout sequence) of each individual store so that items can easily be placed on the store shelves. The business case is thus based on substantial store economies as well as warehouse operational economies. The warehouse is designed to be environmentally friendly with such feature as; solar panels storm water collection 15% roof lights Automated lightening control system. In addition, JOHN LEWIS could measure their partnership business performance through different specific ratios such as profitability ratios, liquidity ratios and working capital management ratios. In short JOHN LEWIS partnership business manufacture the house hold goods, basically those business who given services rather than manufacture something likely intangible products these businesses suitable for measure by SWOT analysis instead of measured through different specific ratios which are discussed above but here scenario is different JOHN LEWIS partnership business is a manufacturing business so that they could both the phases either SWOT analysis or different specific ratios for measuring a partnership business performance. Now, we try to understand the ordering and receiving system of the JOHN LEWIS partnership business which discuss below: JOHN LEWIS partnership has well reputed goods receiving system where mostly goods are received packed in cartons on pallets because a partnership business manufacture sensitive house hold goods, these are moved by reach truck onto a lift which raises every pallet to the appropriate handling height so that the goods can be extracted checked and placed into plastic tote bins. The tot bins are then normally transported by conveyor directly to the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"miniloadà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ automated storage and retrieval system or order storage and retrieval storage areas although some of the goods are received in tote bins in the correct quantities and pre advised electronically by the supplier using an ADVANCE SHIPPING NOTIFICATION (ASN). Initial look of demand pattern that is full tote bins required directly from supplier to the partnership business, material received by authorized store keeper in specific store department, count the all inventory items then generate GRN(GOODS RECEIVED NOTE) then sign it by the store keeper and a single copy of generated GRN dispatch to ordering and purchase department instead of if they opt an alternative option that is goods picked from suppliers picking station that could be unsuitable and odd one because if they received material from picking store of the supplier so that number of issues could arise one is that supplier store clerk may have lack of time to draw the intentions of every customer and customer may face defective material problems. JOHN LEWIS should continue their operations via the website and call centre to customers, by this could happen customers easily received their respective ordered goods from retail stores for collection and direct deliveries although they have to be considered relating to future demand because demand growth continuously increasing by the home shopping and store channels. In addition they have also to be consider technical and inventory availability issues relating to customer demand , it could happen that customers may face trafficking in JOHN LEWIS partnership website at time of placing the order addition cu stomer may face difficulties in placing the order through telephone calls although, they have to be determinant for implementation of future planning matters that is detail and allowed sufficient time for testing the equipment and information technology, resolving equipment and software issues and ramping up to full operation. For continuous improvement, first JOHN LEWIS have to be determinant for implementing the future plan although they could have more efficient in terms of timely deliver the goods either placed the order by customers via online and telephone calls or purchased the goods from store channels of the partnership business by doing this they may also improve their service levels for existing customers and new ones. Furthermore they may sustain in a particular market industry as we obtained the understandings from the earlier paragraph. CONCLUSION: JOHN LEWIS partnership is going track for future success, it depends on SANDC (SEMI AUTOMATED NATIONAL DISTRIBUTI ON CENTRE) which fall in UK top 10 retail businesses and has a distinctive ownership structure where every employee serving their duties as an independent partner in a business. Furthermore it has business increasingly day by day and their intentions to implementation the planning regarding future relating matters by happened this JOHN LEWIS partnership business have own the professional experts and qualified management which they are going to right track along with the business although they have no issue regarding going concern , still business is profitable and have good anticipated results even though they still hold the enough capital and there is not seeing to withdraw the investment and finance by investors in future. RECOMMENDATIONS: JOHN LEWIS keep satisfy the customers in placing the orders and mainly dispatch the goods, it has to be efficient to retain in a particular industry and for upgrading the rank in UK retail businesses, again we intend to focus of determinat ion the future plans of the business to repel any ambiguity which could be harmful for the business in the future.

Health Policy Health Care Policy - 1241 Words

Health care Policy Health policy refers to the decisions, plans, and actions that are undertaken with the purpose of achieving specific healthcare goals within a certain society (Lindsay, 2005). According to the world health organization, an explicit health policy is capable of achieving several things. It states a vision for the future, which helps to establish targets for medium and short term. A brief history of universal healthcare efforts in the US In the 1800, the German and British systems were developed by governments in power as a defense to counter expansion of the socialist and labor parties. These governments used insurance against the cost of sickness in order to turn benevolence to power. The government of United States took no actions to subsidize voluntary funds. The federal government left matters to the states and voluntary and private programs (Lindsay, 2005). In the progressive era, President Roosevelt Theodore supported health insurance because he believed a strong nation needs well people. In 1906, the American association of labor legislation led the campaign for health insurance. Rhode Island congressional representative introduced new proposal in 1958 in order to cover hospital costs for old people on social security. Community Health Nurse Community health nurses have adapt to providing care to the public including churches, health clinics, shelters, the homeless and schools. Community health nurses provide comprehensive care to patients withinShow MoreRelatedHealth Care Policy Is An Anomaly Among Industrialized Nations Essay1580 Words   |  7 Pagesapproach to health care policy is an anomaly among industrialized nations. 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It is an interactive process with multiple points of access providingRead MoreHealth Care Policy10795 Words   |  44 Pagesmillion people, will be without health care insurance because coverage will be too expensive (CQ Health beat News, 2005). The United States spends more money on health care than other industrialized nations but is the only one that doesn’t ensure health care coverage for all citizens. Every year, approximately 18,000 unnecessary deaths occur because of health insurance lacking in the United States, (Institute of Medicine [IOM], 2002). Proponents of universal health care coverage say this problem isRead MoreRole Of Policy On Health Care Essa y1094 Words   |  5 Pages Role of Policy in Health Care Student Name Institution Affiliation â€Æ' Role of Policy in Health Care Ek, R., Goolsby, L., Wengrovius, E. (2011).The national policy outlook for 2011. Policy Practice, 69(1), 16. 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These three countries all had a very different take on how to provide healthcare to the public but they also all managed to do so with a low government GDP. The United Kingdom is a capitalist democracy with a health care system that tries to support it’s views of an economic, political and social economy. There

The Importance of Training to Quality Free Essays

string(137) " must encourage employees to initiate process improvements and new ways of responding to customers’ needs – but in a controlled way\." Introduction Many theorists have suggested that it is crucial to adequately train stuff in order to improve the overall quality of the service or product offered. Today employers are increasingly depending on the skills of all their employees for improvements in efficiency, quality and customer service (Motwani, Frahm, Kathawala, 1994a). This review will focus on the findings of the main theorists in the quality management field and their views on the importance of employee training. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Training to Quality or any similar topic only for you Order Now It will outline the factors which influence employee training and suggest how quality training should be implemented. The review will also provide some insight into alternative methods of quality employee training. The Importance of Training to Quality Motwani, Frahm, Kathawala (1994b) state that training is the critical variable in the success or failure of a company’s quality improvement programme. They go on to say that training enables a company’s workforce to acquire the skills needed to improve and maintain the quality production process. As the challenge of improving product and service quality becomes more important for all organizations so does the challenge to the training and development profession (Motwani, et al. 1994a). Motwani, et al. , (1994a) agree with other authors such as Cocheu (1992) and Ishikawa (1976), that quality begins and ends with training. According to Kaeter and Cothran (1992), training influences the process that help to improve quality. Ishikawa (1976) who has been a leader in stressing employee participation and the man who advocated the use of cause and effect diagrams (also known as ishikawa diagrams) to diagnose quality problems, has stressed that it is crucial to train managers and employees to improve quality. Deming (1982) notes that all employees should be trained continually as the needs of the customers are constantly changing over time. It is not enough to hire good people for the business organisation. They constantly have to acquire new skills for new materials and new methods of production. Deming (1982) considers training to be a long-term investment in people and the future of the company. Continuous training helps employees to improve their quality performance and the quality of the work processes they are responsible for (Deming 1982). When identifying key practices of quality management, most authors agree that training is an important factor. Saraph, Benson Schroeder (1989) list training as one of the eight critical factors of quality management. Lakhal, Pasin, Limam (2006) go on to state that employee training and employee participation are two of the eight critical factors of quality management. Eight key employee practices to improve quality have also been suggested by Smith (2001) and they are: recruiting, selection, retention, teamwork, training and development, appraisal, rewarding quality and employee involvement. Just knowing that training is important is not enough; training must also be effective (Cocheu, 1992). Cocheu (1992) proposes that to improve quality, organizations can use a six-step strategy, which includes: 1. Preparation, 2. Planning, 3. Awareness, 4. Deployment, 5. Implementation, and 6. Continuous improvement. This strategy should be supported by a six-phase training approach: 1. Understanding and commitment, 2. Quality management systems, 3. Improvement teams, 4. Customer service, 5. Process improvement, and 6. Advanced quantitative methods. Each phase of the quality training curriculum should build on the preceding hase of the training to give people at every level of the organization the knowledge and skills they will need. This includes both the employees and the management. (Cocheu, 1992) The Importance of Management to Training Most authors agree that quality management is crucial for the successful training of the employees. Without the wholehearted commitment of top man agement, spending time on quality training is pointless. Employees look to management to see if a company is really serious about quality training. If the management does not commit itself to change than the workers will not do so either (Motwani, et al. 1994b). Successful implementation of any change programme requires proper education and training of those who would be involved in the implementation process (Ernest Osseo-Asare Jr Longbottom, 2002). Management needs to be sincere and to devote adequate time and resources to the on-site training effort so that employees believe it is important. Whether on-site or off-site training is employed, the skills learned by employees need to be applied immediately. If this is done, employees will receive the quality message (Motwani, et al. , 1994b). Anjard (1995) argues that it is no longer a luxury or a question as to whether Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy should be adopted. He states that â€Å"unless we adopt the concepts of continuous improvement, we are guaranteeing organizational obsolescence†. TQM is a visionary movement which represents a final recognition of a management philosophy that encourages employees to share responsibility for delivering quality services and products. Commitment from the top as well as a willingness to transform an organization from the bottom up is essential for effective implementation. More importantly Anjard (1995), goes on to say that effective TQM managers lead, coach and mentor amongst other things and that managers must train everyone and provide them with the knowledge, skills and tools needed for continuous quality improvement. Mathews, et al. (2001) add that the training that underpins quality management determines the likely effectiveness of the quality initiatives undertaken. Quality is achieved where employee satisfaction results from high-quality management, which places great importance on employee motivation and morale (Crome, 1998). Clear objectives in line with vision should be shared with staff through proactive leadership, highlighting areas that work well, creating champions of good practice and being supportive and motivational (Curry Lyon, 2008). Donaldson (2004) states that achieving true quality takes much more than just learning the basic skills and technical concepts, you also have to get the human element right. This means providing education and training opportunities for all involved, plus support and empowerment from above. The author adds that emphasis should be placed on employee empowerment and training to improve quality of service. Bharadwaj Karkera (2001) add that it is not realistic to think that mangers can achieve control by simply hiring good people, aligning incentives and hoping for the best. Today’s managers must encourage employees to initiate process improvements and new ways of responding to customers’ needs – but in a controlled way. You read "The Importance of Training to Quality" in category "Papers" Also, the employees must be told specifically what is expected of them. Specific training makes employees more confident and reduces staff turnover rates. This in turn increases quality (Pollitt, 2006). Smith (2001) agrees and states that employee involvement is positively linked with improved quality. As a result of this employee empowerment, some trainers responsible for self-guidance of the development process, become concerned that the philosophy implies their role within the organization will eventually become redundant. Quality control managers have subsequently discovered that the move to TQM has not reduced the importance of their job role. In fact, quite the reverse is usually the case because the quality manager’s new responsibilities as quality facilitator and mentor across all aspects of the organization’s activities is inevitably more rewarding and demanding than their old role of â€Å"organizational gamekeeper† (Chaston, 1994). Many companies have established written quality requirements for the products that they produce but few have developed internal requirements that must be met as process flows from one operation to another. Still fewer have developed requirements for the process itself – what must be done in what order to produce a conforming output (Oversmith, 1990). The author stresses the importance of using recognition systems that encourage participation and the involvement of employees in the quality process. Oversmith (1990) adds that companies achieve quality by making every single employee a â€Å"quality manager†. Each employee has to know what part they are playing in the quality improvement process. It begins when the employee is orientated into the company. The employee learns the requirements expected of all employees as well as the specific requirements for the job to be performed. This initial training should be followed up within the first few weeks of employment by formal quality education to stress the importance of the individual’s role in the quality improvement process as well as specific actions an employee is expected to take to avoid or eliminate quality nonconformance (Oversmith, 1990). Formal training in group problem solving and the proper use of teams to eliminate quality problems further prepares an employee to participate in improvement process. Smith (2001) also agrees that team based learning is important and suggests that incentives should be used to promote quality. Incentives for Quality and Alternative Methods of Training In order for the employees to use their training and improve the quality of the products/services, the management must provide them with incentives. If valued incentives exist for desired behavior, training that enables such behavior is likely to succeed as well: Many people receive a fixed amount of pay for the hours they work. They will not make more money immediately if they do a better job and they will not receive less, unless they are fired, for doing a poorer job. So, for these people, pay is an incentive for being present and for doing a minimally acceptable job – and not much more than that. Fortunately for employers, other incentives exist: approval and compliments, respect and trust, access to valued resources – tools, people, a window with a sunny view, awards, increased power and authority, more interesting or desirable assignments (Allen, 2003). Allen (2003) suggests that employers consider providing meaningful and memorable experiences through interactive multimedia to help employees see how the impact of their work determines the success of the group and ultimately affects quality. Burns (2005) suggests use of e-learning to train employees to improve quality. The key being interactivity. E-learning provides the potential to bring quality to life. When people are having fun, they won’t realize how much they are learning. If the average employee doesn’t enjoy learning he or she won’t absorb much about quality. Computers allow simulations to be built as an aid to learning and this is very relevant in lean Six Sigma training where factors such as throughput, work in progress, touch time and cycle time interact could be difficult to demonstrate. This would not just be effective but it will also be more enjoyable and people learn better when they are enjoying the learning experience (Pollitt, 2007). Pattison (2001) agrees that activities and interactivity make learning and training more enjoyable. Burns (2005) adds that humor is another means of providing motivation to learn about quality. Conclusion Upon review of literature on the importance of training to product and service quality it is evident that staff training is a vital part of any quality process. Quality products and services depend on a quality workforce. In order to sustain competitive advantage companies need to develop and implement quality training measures. A strong support from management is needed to constantly motivate and facilitate the employees training. Investing in employees training directly correlates with how the quality of the company’s products and services is viewed. If training continues to improve, if it continues to reinforce quality messages, then employees will believe quality truly is the foundation of their company’s long term culture. References Allen, M. (2003). Training rewards good performance. Quality, 42, 28-29. Anjard, R. P. (1995). Keys to successful TQM training and implementation. Training for Quality, 3(1), 14–22. Bharadwaj, G. , Karkera, R. (2001). Employee training in quality in the new millennium. Quality Congress. ASQ’s †¦ Annual Quality Congress Proceedings, 517-528. Burns, T. (2005). E-Learning: The Future of Quality Training. Quality Progress, 38(2), 50-56. Chaston, I. (1994). Managing for Total Training Quality. Training for Quality, 2(3), 11-14. Cocheu, T. (1992). Training with Quality. Training Development, 46(5), 10. Crome, M. (1998). Call centres: battery farming or free range? Industrial and Commercial Training, 30(4), 137. Curry, A. , Lyon, W. (2008). Call centre service quality for the public: a Scottish framework for the future. Managing Service Quality, 18(2), 194-208. Deming, W. E. (1982). Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position. Cambridge: MIT Press. Donaldson, D. P. (2004). Getting the People Part Right. Quality Progress, 37(7), 6. Ernest Osseo-Asare Jr, Longbottom, D. (2002). The need for education and training in the use of EGQM model for quality management in UK higher education insitutions. Quality Assuarance in Education 10(1), 26-36. Ishikawa, K. (1976). Guide to quality control. Tokyo: Asian Productivity Organisation. Kaeter, M. , Cothran, T. (1992). Pioneering Quality Training. Training(April 1992), 13-18. Lakhal, L. , Pasin, F. , Limam, M. (2006). Quality management practices and their impact on performance. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management, 23(6), 625-646. Mathews, B. P. , Ueno, A. , Periera, Z. L. , Silva, G. , Kekale, T. , Repka, M. (2001). Quality training: findings from a European survey. The TQM Magazine, 13(1), 61-68. Motwani, J. G. , Frahm, M. L. , Kathawala, Y. (1994a). Achieving a Competitive Advantage through Quality Training. Training for Quality, 2(1), 35-40. Motwani, J. G. , Frahm, M. L. , Kathawala, Y. (1994b). Quality Training The Key to Quality Improvement Training for Quality 2(2), 7-12. Oversmith, G. E. (1990). Developing Employee Ownership of the Quality Improvement Process. 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Carmex case study free essay sample

1. a. the Advantages and disadvantages for the Carmex Marketing Team in collecting data to narrow the flavor choices from three to two using an online survey of a cross- section of internet Households are : AdvantagesDisadvantages 1. This is a way of marketing research tool. 2. May Gain a new Likes to the Brand. 3. Increase Carmex brand name known ability. 4. Survey over the internet will be less cost. 5. Encourage the new customers to give it a try as internet households interested in online coupons and products ads and etc,. 1. Has a very broad Segment to target that may end up but not giving the answers they needs. 2. Household may not like to complete a survey that involves writing their names and giving out their personal details. 3. The results will not be accurate enough to build a marketing research â€Å"in a result of inaccurate segmentation†. 4. Takes lot of time â€Å"time consuming†. 1. b. the Advantages for the Carmex Marketing team in collecting data to narrow the Flavor Choices from three to two using an online survey of Carmex Facebook Likers. We will write a custom essay sample on Carmex case study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page AdvantagesDisadvantages 1. Facebook is not just a social media but it is a marketing research tool. 2. Help to Target Exactly their Marketing Segment. 3. Receive Answers that are accurate that doesn’t have to be filtered later â€Å"on our Consumers or not consumer basis†. 4. Increase the interactivity between Carmex Brand and Its consumers†likers†. 5. Carmex will receive the Answers very quickly â€Å"within 5 minutes Carmex will receive dozen votes and, by the end of the business day Carmex can very easily have over 500 Responses. Accordingly to the Textbook. 6. This will help to increase the likers engagement. 7. This is an opportunity to increase Facebook community or potentially. †Gerst Adds in textbook. 8. Reduces the cost of the marketing research to find the 2 favorable flavors. 1. Consumers can be less likely to respond to a survey that has to enter data or writing statements. They prefer multiple choice styles of surveys. 2. May not receive a very accurate number of responses as not all the number of the likers are the number of the engaged customers that will respond to the survey, unless they do the contest +poll. 3. Survey on Facebook only will not drive new Likers to Carmex Facebook page. Answers of Question # 2: a. The engagement and likes are really measuring: â€Å"Engagement† measures how ACTIVE its Facebook Audience with the brand. â€Å"Likers† are the NEW â€Å" likers† to the brand’s Facebook Page. b. For Carmex the more important is the â€Å"Engagement â€Å" , because at any time Carmex likers can posts a comment on the Carmex wall, likes its status , or replies to one of its posts, the engagement level increases. The easiest way for Carmex to grow the number of â€Å"likes†on its facebook page its through contests and promotions. If it gives away prizes, people will be drawn to its site and its likes will increase . However these people may not actually be fans of the Carmex product so at the end of the promotion they may unlike Carmex or they may remain fans but not engage with the Carmex page at all . the people who were already on the page were there because they like Carmex and are engaged . According to the textbook. That’s why the engagement is more important to Carmex than Likes. Answer of question # 3: a. The Consumer Engagement on a brand page on Facebook is evoked by the â€Å" Engagement Strategy using a poll as consumers get engaged to a page Brand such as Carmex when the brand make polls to know their opinion , As where more Votes means more Engagement . According to figure 2 in textbook. b. The consumers get attracted to like a brand Facebook page by Contests, Promotions and prizes that the brand page give it away to the Likers and this techniques is used to get a new customers to like the page Answer to Question # 4: a. The Advantages of using a fixed – alternative poll question on facebook are : oThis is quick. oAnonymous oAnd will lead to more people to vote b. The open- ended questions is better to be used when a company has a new product to launch and need their consumer opinion as this type of question is used to distinguish purposes and require the marketer â€Å"evaluator† to interpret and analyze date in different ways. Answer to Question # 5: a. If I had a limited budget and two weeks to decide which two flavors to put into Quantitative testing, I would have chosen the â€Å"poll Only â€Å" for 3 reasons: 1. Poll strategy is faster than others 2. Less cost than the contest strategy. 3. Increase the Engagement between the consumers and the brand b. If I had a sizable budget and two months to make the same decision I would have chosen the combined strategy â€Å"use the poll and contest â€Å"as a marketer what i need is to increase engagement to my brand and to increase the Likers as well. So by using this strategy I will reach both by posts the poll question on the Facebook page wall I will drive the engagement and by creating a contest for a limited edition flavor will promote new likes.

What Difference Does It Make That God Is Immutable Essays

What Difference Does It Make That God Is Immutable? Doug Friesen TH211: Systematic Theology Shane Keating What difference does it make to us that God is immutable? Immutability is a key attribute of God and without that He wouldn't even be God. It would be hard to have a personal relation ship with Him. As well as our relationship suffering our knowledge of God would be severed also, and who is to say if our salvation would be as secure today? But first to understand completely what is in question we must define immutability and come to a conclusion as per its reference to God. Immutability defined in Webster's Dictionary is quoted as, "unchangeable; unalterable" . The same word defined in Unger's Bible Dictionary states, " The divine attribute of unchangeableness" . Again defined in Nave's Topical Bible, " the perfection of God by which He is devoid of all change in essence, attributes, consciousness, will, and promises" . In all three instances, secular and religious, the word is clarified as unchangeable, but only one gave it as an attribute of God. Now as a back up point to clarify, immutability declares that God is unchanging, but it is not to be confused with immobility. God acts, and His actions vary with reference to different ends. His affection changes according to how that person's attitude changes toward Him. So gathered from that we can state God is constantly the same in His essence, in the mode of His existence, in His perfections, and in the principles of His administration. Now that we have come to a conclusion on what the immutability of G od is we can ask ourselves what it would be like if He weren't immutable? If God were not immutable He wouldn't even be God. Just like all the other attributes of God place Him high above all else so does immutability. To state the fact that God is unchanging helps to create a foundation on which we can base other claims to our belief, such as the truth of God and imperfection. God with out this unchanging attribute is now given in to human likeness and that includes sin. He could change His ways to appeal to Him what ever He desired without any cares about man because when you remove immutability you remove the possibility of Him possessing benevolence or righteousness. If you remove the truth and benevolence of God you are left with imperfection. It is a big cycle with attributes, once one is removed they all may collapse without definite proof or backing. So lets look and see what a God without immutability would seem like. Well the attribute of immutability is essential the deity of God. "To think of God otherwise than as unchangeable is to think of Him otherwise than perfect" . With that said we must then ask how does that effect my relationship with God? Well if God were not immutable our relationship would definitely suffer. We wouldn't know first of all how to talk to Him because His attitude would be like ours and half the time I don't even know how to talk to others because of their attitudes. Imagine a God with stress. I mean how could we as puny humans be able to deal with a God who has drastic mood swings. We would all be busy hiding from God unknowing if this is the day He enjoys our company or not. Basically our relationship would be brought down from the level it is now with a loving Creator who saved His creation, to a High Commander and His miniscule microscopic beings, who better not make Him mad. But now to answer the question from the quote above, what if God isn't perfect, how do we k now our God isn't changing? If you look in Psalms 102:26-27 He tells us, "They will perish but You will endure; Yes, all of them will grow old like a garment; Like a cloak You will change them, And they will be changed. But You are the same, And Your years have no end." This passage shows us that our God is unchanging, but also that He has control over all things changing and that He changes them.

Evaluation of Properties of Foods

Evaluation of Properties of Foods Practical 1: Evaluation of Properties of Foods 1A) pHObjective:To determine the pH value of orange juice.Introduction:pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. pH is an important aspect that is being inspected in food processing and food preservation. pH control method is one of the method used by food manufacturers to prevent growth of microorganisms in food that will eventually cause early food spoilage and food contamination. Most foodborne pathogens cannot grow below pH 4.4 (Montville, Matthews Kneil, 2012). Most microorganisms grow best in the pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 (Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs of Ontario 2013). Hence, pH level of food is being monitored during food processing to prevent microbial growth. pH levels also affect the appearance, taste, quality as well as the shelf-life of food products. It is also under the food safety issues.One example of pH control requirements is in the manufacture of fruit jelly. The gel formation brought about by pectin takes place over a narrow pH range, which is further complicated by sugar concentration. High pH value results in an unacceptable liquid. Too low pH causes the mixture to gel prematurely, resulting in an overly hard product. Continuous pH adjustment using acids such as citric acid yields the optimal gel consistency. Another example of pH control would be in the making of cheese. The enzymes used are particularly sensitive to pH. variations of 0.1 pH will affect the enzymatic reaction activity by as much as 50 per cent. However, modern technologies allow cheese ageing process to be accurately monitored by using the puncture probe. pH meter with resolution of 0.1 pH unit is the most common equipment that is used in food industry to measure the pH levels...

Finance report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Finance report - Assignment Example Ratio analysis is done to compare the performance of FHL with its major competitor, Harvey Norman. Profitability, Asset efficiency, Liquidity, Capital structure, and Market performance ratios are calculated for both the companies and performance of the two companies is analyzed in the light of these ratios. Some of the limitations of the analysis are identified, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are given on the basis of the analysis done on FHL. Financial statements include at least two accounting statements that are prepared by a company at the end of its accounting period. These two include Income statement and balance sheet and these statements of Fantastic Holdings LTD (FHL) are analyzed in this report. Financial statement analysis of a company is extremely important for a company so that it can reflect upon performance of the company and can add meaning to the figures of the financial statements. Financial statement analysis involves evaluating three characteristics: profitability, liquidity and solvency. A short term lender will be interested in the liquidity of the company which measures the efficiency of the companies to pay their obligations when they are due. A long term creditor would assess the profitability and solvency of the company which measures the long term standing of the company. Hence financial statement analysis is extremely important for the company as well as for the users of the financial statements. Comparisons can be made on the intra company basis, industry averages and inter company basis. Vertical analysis is done to make intra company comparisons and ratio analysis is done to make inter company comparisons. In this report, both comparisons are made. Intra company analysis is done using vertical and trend analysis and inter company analysis is done through ratio analysis of Fantastic Holdings Ltd and Harvey Norman Holdings Ltd. Through the analysis, conclusions will be drawn regarding the performance of FHL from

Managemnent psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Managemnent psychology - Essay Example He further asserts that management psychology focus is basically on individuals and groups. In this particular issue, character is often used to define an individual’s personality. Personality can be attributed to individuality in the context of one’s internal states that manifests in the form of feelings and thoughts. It is also related to the attributions that cause an individual to behave in a certain manner, as well as, the ‘experienced stable core’ of an individual. In addition, it also entails how an individual interacts with other people in a social set up. There are tests and surveys in psychology that conceptualizes and classifies some aspects of workers’ selves. The sole purpose of these tests/surveys is to predict behavior, emotions and attitudes of employees and to provide a platform for their management (Alvesson & Willmott, 1996). Evidently, personality can be viewed in terms of ideologies, interaction, and context in question. In the 20th century, psychology surfaced as a tool and technique in the managerial skills. It was characterized by rationality in governance in terms of logics; increased means utilization throug h instrumental focus; and focus on work design, as well as, the organization. The traditional forms of authority where leadership was determined by social status and class were replaced. People began perceiving management as a form of profession. The impact of this phenomenon was that since it was viewed as a distinct occupation, the notion of competence was embedded into management. Individual knowledge-based was embraced in the context of economics, ergonomics, studies on time and motion, and industrial psychology (Thompson & Ackroyd, 1995). This contributed to the guidelines for roles in supervision which later incorporated social abilities. The supervisory mandates included literacy, technical skills, analytical, and numeracy skills. Feelings as an aspects that define

Effect of Technology on De-Skilling

Effect of Technology on De-Skilling Critically assess the contention that the introduction of new technologies into an organisation inevitably leads to de-skilling? As technology becomes ever more prominent in working practices the de-skilling debate is becoming more crucial. The following arguments will look at the effects of new technology with regard to de-skilling from the social deterministic point of view, particularly within the craft and service industries. The social deterministic view is that technology has no impact whatsoever on an organisation, apart from the strategic choices made by those who control the organisation. Marxists believe that the introduction of new technology has negative social connotations, arguing that technology is introduced by management with the sole intention of controlling and de-skilling labour. This perspective has been adopted by Braverman. Managerialists however, favour the positive social impacts of technology, believing it is management choices that determine the effects that technology has. Bravermans (1974) de-skilling thesis, based on Marxist theories, focused on the Taylorist aspects of breaking down complex skilled work into simple unskilled tasks. This enabled the introduction of technology to replace workers. Braverman also theorised that the introduction of new technology into the workplace, was carried out with the intention of replacing workers or making them work faster, as in the case of Fords production line assembly. Braverman argued that together, these were the two principal factors which led to the degradation and de-skilling of work. Braverman (1974:171) states, The unity of thought and action, conception and execution, hand and mind, which capitalism threatened from its beginnings, is now attacked by a systematic dissolution employing all the resources of science and the various engineering disciplines based upon it Braverman argues that the introduction of capitalist equipment is introduced with the intention of de-skilling workers by simplifying task s in a Tayloristic manner, or by simply replacing workers roles with technology. Much of Bravermans theory was based upon his own personal experience as a sheet metal worker, and subsequently an office worker. Bravermans de-skilling theory is associated mainly with the craft and service style proletariat industries. However, skills today can be perceived as something very different to skills in the 19th century. Certainly the jobs today differ greatly from those in the past. Barron and Robinson (2007) use the more recent example of the catering industry. New technology has enabled the outsourcing of production, provisions and labour. In essence this has lead to the de-skilling of catering workers, through the removal of many of their tasks. For example, chefs in many of the hospitality industry sectors are no longer allowed to demonstrate individuality and creative flair, but instead produce a standardised product. . Standardisation, or industrialisation, in foodservice, aims to guarantee consistent output while controlling the production process. Typically, this involves the replacement of skill with technology. (Barron and Robinson, 2007). Here the Tayloristic aspects of Bravermans de-skilling thesis are evident as the production process is broken down into simple controlled tasks, whereby new technology can replace workers. This process may be even more evident in multi-national corporations, where the same standard of product and service is expected worldwide. The Tayloristic principles adopted by many fast food restaurants, particularly noticeable in McDonalds, have led to repetitive and un-skilled tasks (Ritzer:2004). Ritzer argues that many of these have been made possible by developments in technology. Bravermans theory is demonstrated perfectly here. A Tayloristic management style coupled with the introduction of new technology has led to the simplification of jobs and ultimately their de-skilling. Ritzer also examined how the principles implemented in McDonalds were becoming more apparent in other sectors of society, such as call centres, supermarkets and even hospitals. The development of technology alongside Tayloristic management principles has meant it is possible for companies to outsource call centres, from Western European and American countries to India and other developing third world countries. Marxist theorists view the introduction of capital as a way for managers and companies to control and de-skill labour by reducing bargaining power and use value (Corbett:2009). The outsourcing of call centres is removing jobs from employees in Western Europe and America. Employees and knowledge are replaced by technology, so diminishing the bargaining power of the labour force. Outsourcing also employs lower skilled labour which translates to reduced wages and increased profits. Hence, the capital introduced has been employed to control and de-skill workers. Marxists have a radical perspective of how workers should accept the means and ends of a firm, arguing that workers should resist against the firm. They argue that the introduction of capital is exploiting workers as a higher value product is created, but wages are generally not increased (Roberts:2009). Profit made by workers is disproportionately divided between employees, managers and owners and as such a conflict of interest arises (Roberts:2009). Bravermans hypothesis and Marxists views on social determinism are not without detractors or limitations. The social -deterministic managerialist perspective of new technology holds the view that technology has no impact whatsoever on de-skilling. The decisions to de-grade or up-grade the skill of workers are the strategic choices of those who control the organisation. This perspective is supported by the New Technology Power Loop, which demonstrates that the design and choice of new technology, that is the strategic choices of management, can shape the control of a workforce. This in turn defines the level of expertise needed for implementation. The social-deterministic managerialist perspective holds the view that the expertise of the workforce has an influence over the design and choice of the technology at the beginning of the loop. Looking back to the example Barron and Robinson use of the hospitality industry it can be said that it is managements decision to standardise product s and menus through the simplification and de-skilling of jobs and the subsequent introduction of new technology. Wood (1987) considers the decisions of management regarding the introduction of technology, Certain tasks may be de-skilled in content because of technological changes, yet this may not amount to the de-skilling of any particular individual. Unskilled men may be allocated to these jobs, which for the purpose of argument may require a higher level of skill than they previously exercised, and skilled men who occupied the job prior to the change might be moved to superior skilled jobs, for example, the maintenance of new technology. Here Wood argues that, with the right job reorganisation technology can lead to the upgrading of skill. Atwell (1987) examines the work of data entry clerks in an insurance company. These are relatively unskilled workers who are able to enter the insurance claims onto the system and then pass them onto the examiner to process. In this example the examiners job is upgraded as the lower skilled tasks have been removed. The data entry clerks have also gained ne w skills as the introduction of technology has enabled them to begin entering insurance claims, a more highly skilled task than they were previously completing. The de-skilling effect, which the introduction of new technology can bring, can be revoked by managements strategic choices. The introduction of new technology, and the de-skilling effect it may or may not have, cannot be fully divorced from the context in which it occurs. The social-deterministic model also supports the theory that the successful introduction of new technology can be reliant on the tacit knowledge and skills of employees, as the choice of technology made by managers is affected by the expertise of employees. Wilkinson (1982) uses the example of the optical lens manufacturer. When new technology was introduced, the highly skilled staff were retained in order to exploit their knowledge and experience of the production processes. This indicates that not all skills can be degraded with the replacement of workers with technology. Jones and Wood (1984) also argue the importance of existing working knowledge and tacit skills to the effective implementation of new technology. As a result, it is impossible to say that new technology completely de-grades workers skill as the tacit knowledge that many have would still be regarded as a skill. Furthermore, the social-deterministic technology power loop model suggests that the tacit knowledge is ne cessary for successful introduction of new technology. Although some aspects of a workers job may have been de-skilled the worker has the ability to enrich their job with other tasks, perhaps more complex than their prior job, thus wholly up-skilling their job. Managerialists support the social -determinism theory and talk of technology as enabling organisational change and improvements (Corbett, 2009) Fincham and Rhodes (2005 need to check whether this is a direct quote and add page number) stress that technological development should be seen as a positive force, as part of the progressive elimination of alienating working conditions and their replacement with work which is more socially integrating is happening more or less as part of industrial evolution. In the instance of outsourcing, although the introduction of new technology is initially de-skilling, it is removing the lower skilled jobs from the economy and making way for more highly skilled jobs to be created as part of the economic development. Therefore, although in the short term technology has increased job mobility by providing temporary job cuts, it can have positive effects, such as en-skilling, as workers learn new trades. New technology may well have had an effect on the increasing number of career changes, but if this is leading to workers gaining new skills in new careers then surely it is re-skilling (the growth of wholly new skills) in the long term. Littler (1982, 1990) and Littler and Salaman (1982) critiqued Bravemans work arguing that if industrial capitalism itself can create new skills there can be no simple de-skilling process Fincham and Rhodes (2005:396). The managerialist perspective holds the view that, technology has no impact on people or performance in an organisation independent of those who would use it and the responses of those who have to operate it (Jones, 1982:199). This suggests that the introduction of technology has no impact on a firm, unless a resistance against technology is made by those who have to use it or operate it. Managerialists have a unitarist perspective on workers co-operation with management decisions. They believe that management should be able to make strategic choices that benefit the firm and that will have the desired economic outcome. Workers, from this perspective are required to co-operate with the means and ends of the firm as management will have the workers best interests at heart. The means of a firm relates to how work is organised, and the ends, the creation of private profit (Roberts:2009). In relation to the introduction of new technology, the managerialist view is that workers should co- operate with the strategic choices made by firms. It can however, be said that it is un-realistic to presume that managers always have employees best interests at heart. From this point of view a Marxist approach can be adopted, holding a negative opinion of the social impact of technology. They believe that management introduce capital with the sole intention of control and de-gradation of working practices and skill. Thus to conclude, the managerialist social-deterministic view that technology can have a positive social impact on working practices, disproves the contention that the introduction of technologies inevitably leads to de-skilling. Managements strategic choices, regarding job re-organisation, job numbers, and the type of technology employed, will always have an effect on the level of de-skilling which occurs. Subsequently, the level of de-skilling cannot be divorced from the context in which it occurs. Many factors can revoke the level of de-skilling, be it the tacit knowledge of existing employees or managements re-organisation of job roles once technology has been introduced. Furthermore, managerialists hold a unitarist perspective of how workers should re-act to change. The underlying belief that managers have workers best interests at heart would encourage employees co-operation with the means and ends of a firm. In addition, managerialists view the introduction of technology as a method of enabling change and economic development within an organisation, and should be viewed as a positive force.

Was the Outbreak of General War in 1914 Inevitable After the Assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand

Was the outbreak of general war in 1914 inevitable after the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand? Various different factors led to the outbreak of the first World War- a war which incorporated all human, economic and military resources available to achieve total victory over the enemy. Roughly, the causes can be classified into long term (Franco-Prussian War, Imperialism, Alliance System, Anglo- German Naval Arms Race, etc. ), short term (Morrocan Crisis, Agadir Crisis, Bosnian Crisis, Balkan Wars) and the immediate cause of World War I: The assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo.Although all of the causes added to the outbreak of World War I, the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand made the war inevitable for the European Powers. It took the last chance of a peaceful solution to the European conflict and can be classified as the most important immediate cause of the war. The assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand is seen as the most important immedi ate cause of World War I. On the 28th of June, Franz Ferdinand was shot by Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Slavic nationalist group â€Å"Black Hand Movement†, in Sarajevo, Bosnia.The Arch Duke had been on a good-will mission to Bosnia in order to calm the situation and bring peace to the region. Directly after the assassination, the Serbian Government was blamed by Austria-Hungary as being responsible for Franz Ferdinand’s death. This assumption may have been made because there were some few connections between members of the Serbian government and the â€Å"Black Hand Movement†. On the same day, Serbia denied any responsibility for the assassination.After this, the Austrian-Hungarian government assured itself of German Support on the 5th of July 1914 through the diplomat count Hoyos by sending a letter to Berlin which stated that it was almost sure that the Serbian Government was involved in the assassination. It also implied Austria-Hungary’s will to crush Serbia militarily in order to prevent a strong bulwark of Slavic nations under the leadership of Serbia. To the letter, Kaiser Wilhelm II answered that Austria-Hungary could â€Å"rest assured that his Majesty will faithfully stand by Austria-Hungary, as is required by the obligations of his alliance and of his ancient friendship†.After the German reassurance, Austria-Hungary proceeded by setting an ultimatum to Serbia on the 23rd of July with the following terms: 1. Officially condemn anti-Austrian publications and propaganda 2. Suppress anti-Austrian societies 3. Ban anti-Austrian teachers and books from their schools 4. Dismiss any government officials that Austria might name 5. Accept help from Austria in checking obnoxious propaganda 6. Allow Austrian officials to assist in the investigation of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.Serbia accepted all terms except the one that allowed Austrian officials to further investigate the murder of Franz Ferdinand on the 25th of July. T his marks the final trigger for the outbreak of World War I; on the 28th of July 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and a fatal chain reaction began. One reason for the outbreak of World War I being inevitable after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand was that this assassination was the long awaited chance for Austria-Hungary and the other European Powers to begin a war. For Austria-Hungary, war was favorable because it aimed to gain power in the Balkan region.This was only possible if Serbia was in a weak position without the chance to interfere with Austrian-Hungarian interests. Furthermore, Austria-Hungary feared that a strong Serbian state would lead to a unified Slavic empire under the leadership of Serbia. Therefore, a military intervention to crush Serbia was in the interest of Austria-Hungary. For Germany, war was favorable because of the Weltpolitik principle, according to which Germany wanted to seize a more important role in the World by territorial expansion a nd military power.Also, Germany was obliged to its alliance with Austria-Hungary and had to stand with its ally in case of war. Various German generals, e. g. von Moltke, believed that the July crisis was a good time for Germany to go to war in order to prevent being crushed by the entente powers and to preempt Russian mobilization in order to be able to fulfill the Schlieffen plan. Also, war was a good means of distraction from domestic problems in Germany, like the rise of socialist movements.For the Entente Powers Russia, France and Great Britain war was favorable because it gave them the possibility of weakening Germany, which had grown to a big threat for these powers. According to Pearce and Lowe, Great Britain had shown its will for war through the naval talks with Russia in 1914. Nonetheless, there is some ambiguity about Great Britain longing for a war of this scale. For Russia, war was favorable because it had to show strength after some weak responses to the Balkan Crises . Through the general mobilization, Russia reinforced this will.Only France did not really want to get involved in a large scale after the defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1871. Nonetheless, France had to mobilize after the German side took up the Schlieffen Plan. Another reason for war becoming inevitable was the Alliance System that was set up during the various European disputes before World War I. Austria-Hungary and Germany as well as Italy were connected in a Triple Alliance. On the other side, there was a Triple Entente between France, Russia and Great Britain. After the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, this took full effect.After the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary on the 28th of July, Russia mobilized in order to protect Serbia. This brought Germany having to declare war on Russia on the 1st of August because of its guarantee to protect Austria-Hungary. In order to be able to fulfill the Schlieffen Plan (this plan was meant to quickly defeat France and to then focus on the Eastern Front in order for Germany not having to fight a two front war against France and Russia), Germany declared war on France shortly afterwards on the 3rd of August.This brought Great Britain into the war on the 4th of August because it had to declare war on Germany in order to hold its alliance with France. Lastly, Austria-Hungary declared war on Russia on the 6th of August in order to support Germany. So in only 9 days, all European powers were at war with each other. According to AJP Taylor, â€Å"World War I was a war by time table. † Through the alliance system, war was being made inevitable simply by the obligations of the European Powers towards each other.On the one hand, powers like France and Britain were not completely committed to beginning a world war; on the other hand they had to adhere to the clauses of the Triple Entente in order to stay under protection themselves and to not lose credibility while facing disputes around Europe. Over all, the Alliance System was one of the main reasons that made the outbreak of war inevitable after the assassination of Franz Ferdinand. One other reason for the outbreak of war becoming inevitable was the military preparation that had already taken place and that made it easy to act and easy to step into a war.Firstly, all of the European powers had increased their spending on military goods drastically. From 1872 to 1912, Germany’s armament spending increased by nearly 350 per cent, Russia’s by around 250 per cent and Britain’s by around 175 per cent. This shows, that all European Powers were already planning for war time. In 1914, the alliances had a strong military force and were about equal in their weaponry. Secondly, the European Powers all had finished war plans ready to be taken up very quickly. Germany had the Schlieffen Plan, France had Plan 17 and Austria-Hungary had Plan R.These plans included tactical movement and a detailed procedure of how to qu ickly outmaneuver the enemy. Through the existence of the plans, the European powers felt strong because they knew that they were prepared for a quick transition into war. This lowered the barrier for an outbreak of war very much. Through the war plans that were ready and the high military spending the outbreak of war was facilitated very much. Another reason that made war inevitable was the reliance of Austria-Hungary upon Germany. Had Austria-Hungary acted immediately, according to John Keegan, the war could have stayed only in the Balkan regions.Furthermore, according to Keegan, more communication could have prevented the First World War. Had all the European Powers communicated clearly their goals, negotiations and local wars could have been the consequence instead of a massive world war. Austria-Hungary lacked the courage to act independently in the Serbian Crisis. Germany wanted a diplomatic success but was not totally interested in taking part in a World War. Russia did not w ant the outbreak of a world war but did know that their support for Serbia would increase the probability of the outbreak of a world war.France had not yet mobilized but feared that Germany wanted to trigger a World War. Great Britain was reluctant to a war but would not leave France in danger of a German attack. Had all of these aims and thoughts been communicated clearly between the nations, then a war could possibly have been prevented. Through the Russian mobilization and the declaration of war on Serbia by Austria-Hungary with German support, the war was triggered before negotiations and peace talks could have taken place. Overall, war became inevitable after the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand for various reasons.Firstly, many European Powers saw the assassination as the chance to get involved in a war to strengthen the own position. Secondly, the alliance system made it very hard to evade a war breaking out. Thirdly, the European powers had already done a lot of pr eparation for the war. This made the outbreak of war easier. Lastly, the lack of communication and negotiation between the European powers took the last chance of a peaceful solution. In my opinion, after the assassination of Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand, the outbreak of World War I became inevitable.

Sigmund Freud Ideology

Sigmund Freud explored many new concepts in the human mind during his lifetime. He was the scholar who discovered an immense new realm of the mind, the unconscious. He was the philosopher who identified childhood experience, not racial destiny or family fate, as the vessel of character, and he is the therapist who invented a specific form of treatment for mentally ill people, psychoanalysis. This advanced the revolutionary notion that actual diagnosable diseases can be cured by a technology that dates to the dawn of humanity: speaking.Sigmund Freud, writing more than 320 books, articles and essays on psychotherapy in his lifetime, forever changed how society viewed mental illness and the meaning of their dreams. However, controversy over Freud’s theories surrounded his experiments in whether or not they were wholly accurate scientifically. By not being able to correctly recreate the experiments, the actual â€Å"success rate† of his theories cannot be tested for their a ccuracy in accordance to what Freud stated about his work.Thus, many scientists and influential scholars believe that â€Å"Freud brings the techniques of introspection employed by early nineteenth century poets but lacks aspects of nineteenth century science† (Hutton 62). Overall, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud are difficult to access scientifically as far as helping mentally ill people recover in reference to treatments outlined in his work. On May 6, 1856 in Freiberg, Moravia, Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis, was born as the first child of Jakob and Amalia Freud.Freud had seven siblings, and described himself as his mother’s special favorite- her â€Å"golden Siggie† (Thornton). In his early life, he enrolled at the University of Vienna in 1873 where Freud did research in physiology for six years under the German scientist Ernst Brucke and received his medical degree in 1881. He then became a doctor at Vienna General Hospital and set up a private practice center for the treatment of psychological disorders in 1886.During World War II, his books were burned along with those by other famous thinkers. â€Å"What progress we are making,† Freud told a friend. â€Å"In the Middle Ages they would have burnt me; nowadays they are content with burning my books† (Thornton). Freud was interrogated by the Gestapo before his friend, Marie Bonaparte, was able to secure their safe passage to England. Bonaparte also tried to rescue Freud's four younger sisters, but was unable to do so. All four women later died in Nazi concentration camps. During this time, Freud as married to Martha Bernays, and the couple would have six children in their lifetimes. One of them, Anna, who was also interrogated by the Gestapo, was to become a distinguished psychoanalyst herself. Ultimately, after having undergone more than twenty surgeries, Sigmund died in September 1939 due to cancer of the mouth and throat from excessive cigar smoking. The Interpretation of Dreams, originally published under the title of ‘Die Traumdeutung’ in November of 1899, perfectly portrays Freud’s theories from Freud’s point of view.His other works, including The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, and Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, do not compel Freud to look into himself like in The Interpretation of Dreams, for â€Å"The Interpretation of Dreams is the primary documentation of Freud’s self-analysis† (Parsons). Furthermore, he considered this novel to be his greatest work, even though it was his first. To modern scholars, however; â€Å"His autobiography is rather a record of his public accomplishments. On the whole he presents himself as he wished to be viewed by the world, not as he struggled in his interior life with his personal dilemmas† (Hutton 62).Many important ideas that contributed to the theories in Freud’s novel came from influential academic scholars such as Joseph Breuer, Jean Charcot and Ernst Brucke. Even then, the ideas portrayed in The Interpretation of Dreams, are controversial due to their authenticity. Sigmund Freud and his mentor Brucke wrote on hysteria. They explained their theory: Every hysteria is the result of a traumatic experience, one that cannot be integrated into the person's understanding of the world.The emotions appropriate to the trauma are not expressed in any direct fashion, but do not simply evaporate: They express themselves in behavior that in a weak, vague way offers a response to the trauma. These symptoms are, in other words, meaningful. When the client can be made aware of the meanings of his or her symptoms (through hypnosis, for example) then the unexpressed emotions are released and so no longer need to express themselves as symptoms. With Charcot, many of Charcot's patients suffered from a bizarre array of physical and emotional problems, symptoms of a puzzling affliction doctors called â€Å"hyst eria. Freud became deeply interested in the plight of patients, typically women, who suffered from hysteria. Through the study of hysteria, Charcot would introduce young Freud to the mysteries he would spend the rest of his life trying to fathom – the power of mental forces hidden away from conscious awareness. Furthermore, â€Å"Freud’s father died four years prior to the publication. Painful and disturbing, the long run effect of freeing Freud from his inhibitions impeded his work† (Parsons).The death of Freud’s father most likely had a significant effect on his mind for the topics stated in The Interpretation of Dreams included a great sense of loss of a parental figure, relating to Freud’s ideas of infantile sexuality To Freud, this sexuality covers a much wider concept other than genital intercourse between a male and female. But whatever shape or form of sexuality one eventually takes, Freud asserts, it inevitably has its roots in the infanti le sexuality, which is described in terms of sexual development in the first few years of a life of an infant.He may have written about this topic unaware that he was relating his thoughts to the loss of his father. This also goes hand in hand with Freud’s theory of the unconscious. Freud viewed the unconscious mind as a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that is outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious continues to influence human behavior and experience, even though they are unaware of these underlying influences.In the end, â€Å"He never ceased to extend and modify his theories† even when disagreements about Freud’s work erupted in the scientific community (Davis). The controversy surrounding Freud’s theories today occurs for many reasons. For example, he stated that his method of psyc hoanalysis cured mental illness; however, there is no way to prove that a patient has become mentally stable, for the patient’s symptoms may have simply been alleviated for a time. Even now â€Å"There is difficulty in specifying what counts as a cure for a neurotic illness, and what counts as a neurotic illness† (Davis).Also, â€Å"Freud’s theory could have been generated by logical confusions from long standing addiction to cocaine† (Girard). Before the harmful effects were discovered, cocaine was often used as an analgesic and euphoric. It was used in household products, and even soda and throat lozenges. Freud developed an interest in the potential antidepressant effects of cocaine, and initially advocated its use for a variety of purposes. This frequent use of the narcotic drug could have effected how Freud treated his patients, and how accurately he conducted his experiments.Disagreements over whether Freud was dependent on the drug shroud the scien tist’s credibility as well, however; it is certain that he used the narcotic drug himself, not just for his patients. As for the science within Freud’s groundbreaking discoveries, â€Å"There was something in his method akin to that of the magi of the Renaissance† (Hutton 61). Freud even stated that during his adolescent years, he was fascinated by dreams, and that allure drove him to study the human mind.It was for a purely individual appeal to discover himself that Freud started his lifelong career. Furthermore, most academic scholars today see Freud’s work as â€Å"Lacking scientific evidence, overemphasizing sex, and having frequent chauvinistic viewpoints† (Parsons). Freud’s infantile sexuality theory is based on data collection from the samples of only a particular group of people in Vienna. Many then argue that the infantile sexuality should differ from one society and culture to another.For example, in eastern societies where the fam ily is not a nuclear one, unlike most western families, the Oedipus Complex should not be as Freud suggests since there are more objects to which love and hate may be directed. This is indeed true but again, even if Freud’s work is just a representation of the western society, it still gives a lot of credible explanations for what happens in the western society in terms of neuroses, behaviors and psychology. Researchers are tapping into the chemistry of the unconscious, exploring the theory of repression, even testing ways to block traumatic memories.What they are finding does not necessarily prove Freud right or wrong but after decades of polarization between neuroscience (the study of the brain) and psychoanalysis (exploration of the mind), the two fields are beginning to find common ground. Dr. Eric Kandel, a Columbia professor, Howard Hughes Medical Institute senior investigator and Nobel Prize winner for his work on learning and memory speaks on Freud's greatest contribu tions: Much of what we do is unconscious. That is a revelation that largely comes from Freud.The fact that dreams have psychological meaning, that infants are active, thinking individuals who have sensual as well as painful experiences also comes from Freud. The fact that by listening carefully to a patient, you can get a lot of insight into what the unconscious is talking about. This is revolutionary stuff. (Kandel) Kandel perfectly outlines the relevance of Freud’s ideas to the common man’s life. However brilliant though, the discussion on whether Freud’s ideas are literary or scientific continues. The topic of Sigmund Freud’s theories eing literary or scientific shadows the debate upon whether Freud’s ideas are authentic. For instance, â€Å"If a theory is incompatible with all possible observations, it is scientific,† but, â€Å"[c]onversely, a theory which is compatible with all possible observations is unscientific† (Girard). In other words, if there is no way to disprove a theory’s findings, it cannot be scientific, and if the observations lead you to further insight about the topic that can be proven with specific results, then you have a true scientific theory.As far as being in favor of a literary theory, Freud’s ideas are always intriguing, and The Interpretation of Dreams is probably the best known book on dream interpretation. Also, â€Å"Freud thought of research on the workings of the psyche as a new frontier of science, but psychoanalysis, for all of its originality as a paradigm for understanding the psyche and its efficacy in curing troubled souls, was essentially a technique for retrieving lost memories† (Hutton 61).This concept from Freud contains ideas that are more poetic than systematic, so far as being in favor of a scientific theory; it provides a glimpse into psychoanalytic work from a man who devoted his whole life to discovering how the human mind functions. The c onsequences of believing Freud’s work was literary is that it did not fare well in the last few decades with the general public. Society did embrace the idea; however, once they look into the details of Freud’s ideas, flaws begin to occur in the logical reasoning.Consequences for believing Freud’s ideas are scientific are that they lack scientific rigor and have little or no substantiation in the scientific community. Freud deemed his work correct and scientific, even through the controversy. All the same, his evidence was biased for he based all examples in The Interpretation of Dreams directly to his life. Overall, â€Å"Freud’s theory- it is not falsifiable† due to the lack of true evidence supporting psychoanalytic experiments with Freud (Thornton). In context to how Freud’s ideas helped the mentally unstable, there is no way to portray exactly how well his methods worked.It is known that he used dream analysis, para praxes, word associa tion, projective tests and hypnosis; however the â€Å"success rate† for these measures varies because â€Å"success† in curing a mentally unstable person cannot be exactly measured. In society at the time, these methods of helping the mentally ill were widely accepted among the general public after Freud brought the idea of psychoanalysis to civilization. Freud honestly thought he was helping society by psychoanalyzing mental patients to discover what was vexing them emotionally.Nonetheless â€Å"The cure is affected essentially by a kind of purgation, a release of psychic energy† in which the patients must undergo a deep self-analysis to find the cause of their illness with the help of a psychoanalytic doctor (Girard). In Freud’s own words directly from The Interpretation of Dreams â€Å"The patient himself must become conscious of unresolved conflicts buried deep in the recess of the unconscious mind† (Freud 58). It was this very idea that made his work â€Å"Influential today so that when people speak of psychoanalysis, they frequently refer exclusively to clinical treatment† (Thornton).On the whole, there is no doubt that Freud’s theories about psychoanalysis and the unconscious mind were influential. However when dealing with mentally ill patients, his theories were unscientific by the experiments he conducted. Freud's psycho dynamic model may seem opaque to us today because he explained it in terms of the technology metaphor of his day. It is as if a scientist today used a current technology such as computers as a metaphor for things that one cannot explain easily.However, Sigmund Freud, although criticized, is a highly respected pioneer of psychology. The dominant paradigm of clinical work of psychiatry and psychology is Freudian work. Overall, Freud's theory of the unconscious assumes a personal mind; a mind inhabited with wishes, desires, and needs that have a biological, intra-psychological origin. Du e to this point, the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud are difficult to access scientifically as far as helping mentally ill people recover in reference to treatments outlined in his work.

Understanding IQâ€Intelligence Quotient Scores

The measurement of intelligence is a contentious topic, and one that often sparks debate among educators and psychologists. Is intelligence even measurable, they ask? And if so, is its measurement important when it comes to predicting success and failure? Some who study the relevance of intelligence claim that there are many types of intelligence, and maintain that one type is not necessarily better than another. Students who have a high degree of spatial intelligence and a lower degree of verbal intelligence, for instance, can be just as successful as anybody else. The differences have more to do with determination and confidence than one single intelligence factor. But decades ago, leading educational psychologists came to accept the Intelligence Quotient (IQ) as the most acceptable single measuring stick for determining cognitive competence. So what is the IQ, anyway? The IQ is a number that ranges from 0 to 200 (plus), and it is a ratio that is derived by comparing mental age to chronological age. Actually, the intelligence quotient is defined as 100 times the Mental Age (MA) divided by the Chronological Age (CA). IQ 100 MA/CAFrom Geocities.com One of the most notable proponents of the IQ is Linda S. Gottfredson, a scientist and educator who published a highly-regarded article in Scientific American. Gottfredson asserted that Intelligence as measured by IQ tests is the single most effective predictor known of individual performance at school and on the job. Another leading figure in the study of intelligence, Dr. Arthur Jensen, Professor Emeritus of educational psychology at the University of California, Berkeley, has created a chart that spells out the practical implications of various IQ scores. For instance, Jensen stated that people with scores from: 89-100 would be employable as store clerks111-120 have the ability to become policemen and teachers121-125 should have the ability to excel as professors and managers125 and higher demonstrate skills necessary for eminent professors, executives, editors. What Is a High IQ? The average IQ is 100, so anything over 100 is higher than average. However, most models suggest that a genius IQ starts around 140. Opinions about what constitutes a high IQ actually vary from one professional to another. Where Is IQ Measured? IQ tests come in many forms and come with varied results. If you are interested in coming up with your own IQ score, you can choose from a number of free tests that are available online, or you can schedule a test with a professional educational psychologist. Sources and Suggested Reading Gottfredson, Linda S., â€Å"The General Intelligence Factor.† Scientific American November 1998. 27 June 2008.Jensen, Arthur. Straight Talk About Mental Tests. New York: The Free Press, A Division of the Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1981.