EMERGING MARKETS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

EMERGING MARKETS - Essay Example Banks were mostly publicly owned, although capital markets were allowed. Currently, India`s financial system is the most established in the emerging market economies. The financial systems of both countries are dominated by banks. For instance, China`s industrious savers have no choice to formal banking system. On the contrary, a significant number of Indians distrust banks but they have a preference to amass gold and real estate properties as an alternative. In addition, both governments need banks to serve social objectives, but the Indian government is more translucent concerning the shared results being worth the expense. Banks whether private or public must meet objectives for countryside access to banking services and loaning to significance sections and must distribute a needed share of their savings to public sector unions. The Chinese government`s political main concerns are to guarantee steady well-ordered liberalization of openly possessed manufacturers and economic growth adequate to captivate millions of labor force competitors, immigrants, as well as laid off employees every year. Bank loaning is still registered to finance much of this development even as banks are restructured to meet new oversea competition. Bank reforms started in earnest in 1995 when institutions and regulations were transformed to change them into commercial banks (Bosworth and Collins 2007). Practical norms for loaning were introduced, banking, secur ities as well as indemnity supervisors were developed and regulatory principles constricted. Three policy banks were established to carry on policy loaning roles and made regional heads purportedly with sufficient seniority to force bank loaning on credit worthiness criteria. The local banking system of China currently comprises of a considerable number of institutions almost all of which are under the ownership of various

School Administrator Interview [iw6-d5] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Administrator Interview [iw6-d5] - Essay Example Schools has limited funding and quality education demand great amount of money. In this case, managing finance of school is very critical job. This paper outlines an interview of my school administrator. My school is a private organization. Our finance administrator, Principal, has a master degree in accounting and finance. With 10 years of experience, He is excellent in accounting, budgeting and financial management. His analytical skills and accuracy are fantabulous. His organizational and communication skill are magnificent. He can efficiently work on team or independently with minimal supervision. Having knowledge of private school finance systems, policies and procedures, he can manage multiple tasks in fast pace environment. I asked the principal some questions about his position and responsibilities. As a principal, he generates the operations and capitol budgets for next academic year. As an administrator he has good influence in developing district budget. He works with department chairs to make requests for year ahead budgeting. According to him, he gained all knowledge by experience. When I tried to enquire about state funding formulas, he explained that being private school, they are not held to state funding formulas. Finance management is very critical job. But most difficult task, according to him, is understanding why teachers and staff find it difficult to plan ahead and use purchase order system. He is saturated with reimbursement system. On asking effect of future school finance on education he said, increased finance will improve school performance. The expenditure of more money for education would lead to improved student outcomes. There are evidence to prove relationship between the amount of resources and student achievement (picus, 1995). The strong belief that money is important to improving school performance maintains a strong following. The quality of school facilities are important to student learning. He believes that more money would help school provide a higher quality education, which in turn would lead to greater student achievement. Many important educational programs are aimed at improving opportunities for groups of students with special needs are based on the assumption that additional resources are essential to their success (Roy, 2004). With more funds, Classroom size can be reduce which ensures increased attention per pupil and improve student learning. According to him, important outcome of sch ooling will be success in the labor market, and there is link between higher cost resource allocation patterns and improved career earnings. It can be argued that an important outcome of schooling is the ability of graduates to find and keep good, high paying jobs. While making the link between educational resources and employment (as measured by lifetime earnings or a similar measure), men who were educated in states with relatively small classes in the public schools and relatively high teacher salaries tended to have higher earnings than did men educated in states with relatively larger classes and relatively lower paid teachers. This findings suggest that small classes and high teacher salaries (both of which would lead to higher per pupil expenditures), may have a greater effect on future earnings. Again teacher education also affects student performance. There is positive

Business Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Business Environment - Assignment Example For instance, the above mentioned values of P&G has resulted in creation of top quality workforce that feels pride in working for this multinational corporation. In addition, the company has strong loyal customer base that endorses novel ideas and products through acquisitions and purchases. The main objective of P&G is to target lower-middle, middle-middle and elite customers and enhance its market share through constant focus on innovation, differentiation and branding so that it could become largest FMCG Corporation worldwide (Internet: Pg.com). Ryanair is a UK based air travel services provider with a mission to provide no-frills low cost travel services to customers from middle – middle and lower - middle social classes who have inclination to save maximum amount of their hard-earn money. Ryanair, although, does not offer any top quality facilities to passengers, yet it has been famous and enjoys largest customer passenger base because of lowest fares compared to all othe r UK airlines. The core values of Ryanair are cost leadership and employee satisfaction, which gives this carrier an edge over rivals. The main objectives are to maintain cost-efficiency and no-frills services quality in extremely challenging business environment (Internet: Ryanair.com). The major difference between mission statements of both organisations is that P&G is more focused towards value-addition and offering branded production at higher prices (no compromises over product quality) whereas Ryanair is strictly concerned with cost-efficiency even through taking back some facilities from passengers. Stakeholders of both organisations are their employees, customers, shareholders, business partners, suppliers and government authorities. The stakeholders of P&G have achieved their objectives by becoming associated with a top quality brand offering corporation, which highly values inputs of all associated personnel for well-being and growth. The partners, employees and customers are penchant to continue their relationships with P&G in the long run. The stakeholders of Ryanair have accomplished their objectives by investing and acquiring ownerships in a profitable firm that maximises their wealth through generation of profits and disbursements in the form of dividends. The responsibilities of both organisations include production and sales of want-satisfying goods and services through use of socially responsible procedures, employee safety, legal compliance, payment of taxes, maximisation of shareholders’ wealth, accountability to stakeholders and environmental protection. P&G has designed an in-depth code of conduct and constitution to ensure they fulfill aforementioned responsibilities. For instance, P&G has also developed 5-year and 10-year plans for reduction of carbon emissions to ensure greater environmental protection (P&G Report, 2010). Ryanair has strict internal regulations and committees that opt to monitor all business operations, thereby attempting compliance with legal and environmental laws followed by organisational policies (Ryanair Report, 2010). Task 2 As far utilisation of resources is concerned, it is worthwhile to mention that P&G focuses heavily on workers’ individual performance and productivity. Also, the corporation inducts latest machinery / equipment so that it could automate business process and maximise productivity through

School Administrator Interview [iw6-d5] Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School Administrator Interview [iw6-d5] - Essay Example Schools has limited funding and quality education demand great amount of money. In this case, managing finance of school is very critical job. This paper outlines an interview of my school administrator. My school is a private organization. Our finance administrator, Principal, has a master degree in accounting and finance. With 10 years of experience, He is excellent in accounting, budgeting and financial management. His analytical skills and accuracy are fantabulous. His organizational and communication skill are magnificent. He can efficiently work on team or independently with minimal supervision. Having knowledge of private school finance systems, policies and procedures, he can manage multiple tasks in fast pace environment. I asked the principal some questions about his position and responsibilities. As a principal, he generates the operations and capitol budgets for next academic year. As an administrator he has good influence in developing district budget. He works with department chairs to make requests for year ahead budgeting. According to him, he gained all knowledge by experience. When I tried to enquire about state funding formulas, he explained that being private school, they are not held to state funding formulas. Finance management is very critical job. But most difficult task, according to him, is understanding why teachers and staff find it difficult to plan ahead and use purchase order system. He is saturated with reimbursement system. On asking effect of future school finance on education he said, increased finance will improve school performance. The expenditure of more money for education would lead to improved student outcomes. There are evidence to prove relationship between the amount of resources and student achievement (picus, 1995). The strong belief that money is important to improving school performance maintains a strong following. The quality of school facilities are important to student learning. He believes that more money would help school provide a higher quality education, which in turn would lead to greater student achievement. Many important educational programs are aimed at improving opportunities for groups of students with special needs are based on the assumption that additional resources are essential to their success (Roy, 2004). With more funds, Classroom size can be reduce which ensures increased attention per pupil and improve student learning. According to him, important outcome of sch ooling will be success in the labor market, and there is link between higher cost resource allocation patterns and improved career earnings. It can be argued that an important outcome of schooling is the ability of graduates to find and keep good, high paying jobs. While making the link between educational resources and employment (as measured by lifetime earnings or a similar measure), men who were educated in states with relatively small classes in the public schools and relatively high teacher salaries tended to have higher earnings than did men educated in states with relatively larger classes and relatively lower paid teachers. This findings suggest that small classes and high teacher salaries (both of which would lead to higher per pupil expenditures), may have a greater effect on future earnings. Again teacher education also affects student performance. There is positive

Subway Smoothie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Subway Smoothie - Essay Example Our company will use four elements of promotional mix, which include advertising, sales promotion, personal selling and public relation. Advertising refers to the presentation of a standard message regarding the strengths, price and availability of goods or services by the marketer in an impersonal way (Weinreich, 2010). In this strategy, our main aim will be building the pull effect since our adverts will deliver a message that will make the product appealing to customers to buy it. Since fast foods have become a major concern, relaying a message on the importance of smoothie foods will pull more customers to buy the foods. We would also rely on sales promotion, which is the short-term use of incentives or other promotional activities that will stimulate the customer to buy our product (Urban, Sultan, & Qualls, 2012). This particular element helps bring short and immediate effect on sale as well as faster stock clearance. The technique will also help in the induction of customers and distribution channels; and will help us win over fast food competitors. As a business, we will apply such sales promotion skills as rebate, discounts, premiums, and usable benefits, e.g. buy two get one free. The general benefit will be attracting people’s attention as well as inducing them since our new product will be available at a lower price. We will also rely on personal selling, which will enable our sales team have face-to-face interactions with the customers. Since it is a face-to-face interaction, our sales team will be able to explain the merits of our products directly, thus increasing the sale of the product. It is also a flexible element, meaning the seller may change the offer according to various situations. It also induces customers to buy given goods in order to satisfy their needs. Public relations is the last element of marketing mix that we will apply, which

Russia as a Threat to the US

Russia as a Threat to the US This essay will examine Russia as the most significant security threat/security challenge confronting the U.S. The grand strategy to address that threat is retaking the offensive. Additionally, the international theory of realism that aligns with the grand strategy will be examined. Next, the essay will explore the historical precedent of the Truman Doctrine in order to support the grand strategy as an example of that evidence.   Last, the essay will discuss the risks, as well as the international relations theory of liberalism, to illustrate this grand strategy. The most significant security threat/security challenge that faces the U.S. today is Russia.[i] â€Å"Russia’s nuclear weapon stockpile and aggressive, unpredictable actions are reasons that country presents the most serious near-term threat to world wide stability.†[ii] One rationale for this security challenge of the threat is that Russia partners with other weaker states, such as Syria, to instigate and supply these states in order to accomplish its own strategic objectives, by â€Å"looking to leverage its military support to the Asad regime†¦and use its military intervention in Syria, in conjunction with efforts to capitalize on fears of a growing ISIS and extremist threat to expand its role in the Middle East.†[iii] With Russia’s weapons capability, and action to create alliances with other weaker states, it offers these partnered states a stronger opportunity to use nuclear proliferation,[iv] or chemical weapons as a strategic rationale against the U.S. to prevent the U.S. from acting against them, as well as an offensive strategy to use to attack the U.S.[v]   These weaker states, like Syria, can present as great a danger as strong states to the U.S.’ national interests.[vi]   For example, weapons of mass destruction could be nuclear or biological.   Biological weapons can be easily accessible; nuclear weapons are more difficult to obtain on its own, but a transnational terrorist organization can secure weapons from a state.[vii]     Ã‚   Another example of Russia’s threat against the U.S., is its defiance of non-state organizations, that Russiain its post-Soviet roleis â€Å"re-surging with authoritarianism and is aggressively contesting liberal norms, by seeking to weaken and divide non-state organizations, such as, NATO and the EU.†[viii] To illustrate this point, Russia created a ground-launched cruise missile (GLCM) that the U.S. claimed Russia violated the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty. That breach enables Russia to continue to produce GLCMs,[ix] thereby perpetuating the nuclear proliferation threat to the U.S. Yet another example is Russia’s cyber threat.   Russia is consistently seeking to use cyberspace to bolster its own status, while attempting to threaten the U.S.’s interests in the areas of: government, military commercial, social and infrastructure.   Recently, Russia used its aggression of cyber to influence the U.S.’s 2016 elections. Further, Russia’s actors conducted disruptive cyber attacks outside the U.S., and has â€Å"leveraged cyber space to seek to influence public opinion across Europe and Eurasia.†[x]   This is another security challenge for the U.S., as Russia continues to seek out weaknesses in the U.S.’s systems as well as partner with other states to build aggression against the U.S. The above discussed Russia security challenges raises the intensity of interest to a level of vital, because of the seriousness of its threats against the U.S. â€Å"Protecting its physical existence when in jeopardy, due to attack or threat of attack is the most important.†[xi] Further, a vital interest is one in which interest is so crucial to a state, it will not compromise. An example of this is to â€Å"prevent the regional proliferation of WMD†¦prevent the emergence of a regional hegemon in regions, promote the well-being of allies and friends and protect them from external aggression.†[xii] The vital level corresponds to the basic interest of defense of the homeland due to those threats and therefore causes the U.S. to employ a strategy that aligns with its national interest of survival.[xiii] The example for this is toâ€Å"prevent, deter and reduce the threat of nuclear, biological and chemical weapon attacks†¦prevent the emergence of hostile major powers or failed states†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [xiv] The evidence discussed above illustrates that Russia rises to the intensity level of vital for the greatest significant security challenge the U.S. faces.      In light of the security threat posed by Russia, the U.S. should pursue the grand strategy of re-taking the offensive. Using this approach for the advancement of the liberal order, serves the U.S.’s global interests. That the â€Å"spread of democracy and market economics, prominence of liberal ideas as the guiding norms of international affairs, preservation of global stability and balance of power†[xv] is the accurate and appropriate direction for the U.S. to take regarding the grand strategy. The re-taking the offensive is important because it must continue sustain the liberal order—to pursue efforts to sustain and invigorate the momentum. To accomplish this, the implications are to provide the U.S. with safety, security and prosperity (U.S. citizens), retain and improve its diplomatic and economic ties with its allies (Germany, France, UK, Japan, India and Australia), reinvest in liberal democratic programs with non-governmental agencies (NATO, UN, EU), but most importantly, to aggressively combat nuclear proliferation (Russia, Syria), as well as other threats (chemical attack, terrorism) to the international order.[xvi] An example of this re-take the offensive approach is the relationship between the U.S. and Ukraine, through coalition with each other, cooperate together in order to thwart regional hegemony expansion by Russia. It shows evidence that illustrates how the grand strategy of retaking the offensive addresses the security threat to the U.S. by Russia.    The IR theory that aligns with the grand strategy is realism. Realists view world politics as a power struggle that is conducted with conditions characterized by anarchy, and define a state’s interest in terms of levels of power over other states as a self-help mechanism.[xvii] For example, using hard power as a means by which states advance their national interests to force an enemy or reluctant ally to adhere to a state’s national objectives is the main objective in order to maintain domination over the other states, thereby allowing the stronger state an opportunity to act upon its own agenda. Further, peace is defined as the absence of war, occurs when states adhere to their own singularly defined national interests. Once in place, it becomes an intensive driving force, that states can no longer control its momentum, but becomes engulfed in its movement, and then controlled by it.[xviii] Therefore, as an example, by the US pushing back on China’s significantly growing political, military and economic power, this demonstrates how the U.S. seeks to dominate another state. China’s strategy of its own position of increasing improvement, will motivate China into expanding its regional and global influence, thereby propelling China into the competitive sphere of other major superpowers—the U.S. This endangers the U.S.’s national interests, which must then exert its own power in order to retain its superior position.[xix] Further illustrating domination by using hard power to dominate others, by incorporating soft power thereafter, a state can replace domination by cooperation where diplomatic, military and economic relationships of coalitions can flourish in order to assert against other nations states from becoming important international actors.[xx] The IR theory of realism supports the U.S. grand strategy of retaking the offensive by using levels of power in a self-help method in which to control other states in order to achieve its objectives.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The historical precedent of the Truman Doctrine is an important document for U.S. foreign policy that is considered the start of the Cold War. The doctrine articulated that the United States would provide military, political, and economic aid to threatened states that were under subjugation from outside authoritarian forces.[xxi] Additionally, the Truman Doctrine created a policy for containment and deterrence to thwart further expansion of Russia and its sphere of influence[xxii]. To further illustrate the historical significance of the threat from Russia, the doctrine was created in response to assist Greece and Turkeydemocratic nations which were in danger of becoming overthrown by the Russian regime. This doctrine supports the grand strategy of retaking the offensive, as the U.S. must intervene and maintain its strategic interests in order to safeguard the world against authoritarian/communist attempts to threaten and politically overturn U.S. democratic spheres of influence throughout the world.      The risks, as viewed through the lens of the IR theory of liberalism, and the reliance on intelligence organizations and other actors that play an increasingly important role regarding global affairs. Specifically, the U.S.’s reliance upon its alliances with these states and non-governmental organizations to thwart Russia, illustrates that riskNATO, UN, and WTOin order to follow their liberal mandate for Russia to be thwarted. The question is whether or not these partners â€Å"possess the vigor need to sustain or advance that order.†[xxiii] The risk is the reliance on the influence to shape the environment for the success of the U.S.; it is placing its fate in other organizations’ hands, and therefore relying upon its unknown ability to assist in exercising the U.S.’s strategic objectives. This risk demonstrates the justification of retaking the offensive as the grand strategy regarding Russia’s threat to the U.S.   This essay analyzed Russia as the most significant threat to the U.S. today. In light of this threat, the grand strategy of retaking the offensive is appropriate for the U.S. The IR theory of realism is the foundation for retaking the offensive, as illustrated by the historical precedent of the Truman Doctrine, whereas liberalism increases the risk to this grand strategy of retaking the offensive. ENDNOTES [i] Missy Ryan, â€Å"Pentagon unveils budget priority for next year: Countering Russia and China,† New York Times, February 2, 2016. [ii] Leon Shane, III, â€Å"Incoming Joint Chiefs chairman calls Russia, China top threats, Military Times, July 9, 2015. [iii] Daniel R. Coats, â€Å"World-wide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community†, Senate Select Committee on National Intelligence, May 11, 2017: 1. [iv] Glenn P. Hastedt, â€Å"Military Instruments:   Big Wars,† in American Foreign Policy: Past, Present and Future†, (Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 334. [v] Ibid. [vi] Liana Sun Wyler, â€Å"Weak and Failing States: Evolving Security Threats and U.S. Policy†, (Washington, D.C.: Congressional research Service, April 18, 2008): 1-8. [vii] Stephen D. Krasner, â€Å"Failed States and American National Security†, Hoover Institution Journal, Hoover Institute, April 16, 2015.   [viii] Hal Brands, â€Å"American Grand Strategy and the Liberal Order: Continuity, Change, and Options for the Future†, Building a Sustainable International Order, A RAND Project to Further Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World, Perspective Expert Insights on a Timely Policy Issue, The Rand Corporation, 2016: 11. [ix] Daniel R. Coats, â€Å"Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community†, Senate Select Committee on National Intelligence, May 11, 2017: 6. [x] Daniel R. Coats, â€Å"Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community†, Senate Select Committee on National Intelligence, May 11, 2017: 1. [xi] Dennis M. Drew and Donald M. Snow, â€Å"Making Twenty-First-Century Strategy: An Introduction to Modern National Security Processes and Problems†, Air University Press, (November 2006): 33 [xii] Alan G. Stolberg, â€Å"Crafting National Interests in the 21st Century in U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, 5th ed. Vol. II, ed. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr; 13-21.   Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, June 2012.  Ã‚   [xiii] Dennis M. Drew and Donald M. Snow, â€Å"Making Twenty-First-Century Strategy: An Introduction to Modern National Security Processes and Problems†, Air University Press, (November 2006): 33 [xiv] Alan G. Stolberg, â€Å"Crafting National Interests in the 21st Century in U.S. Army War College Guide to National Security Issues, 5th ed. Vol. II, ed. J. Boone Bartholomees, Jr; 13-21.   Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, June 2012.  Ã‚   [xv] Hal Brands, â€Å"American Grand Strategy and the Liberal Order: Continuity, Change, and Options for the Future†, Building a Sustainable International Order, A RAND Project to Further Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World, Perspective Expert Insights on a Timely Policy Issue, The Rand Corporation, 2016: 13. [xvi] Ibid. [xvii] Dr. Chris Bolan, â€Å"Realism†, lecture, U.S. Army War College, Carlisle Barracks, PA, cited with permission of Dr. Bolan. [xviii] Glenn. P Hastedt, â€Å"Defining American Foreign Policy Problems,† in American Foreign Policy: Past, Present and Future, (Rowman and Littlefield, 2015), 33. [xix] Hal Brands, â€Å"American Grand Strategy and the Liberal Order: Continuity, Change, and Options for the Future†, Building a Sustainable International Order, A RAND Project to Further Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World, Perspective Expert Insights on a Timely Policy Issue, The Rand Corporation, 2016: 11. [xx] Ibid. [xxi] Ibid. [xxii] Ibid. [xxiii] Hal Brands, â€Å"American Grand Strategy and the Liberal Order: Continuity, Change, and Options for the Future†, Building a Sustainable International Order, A RAND Project to Further Explore U.S. Strategy in a Changing World, Perspective Expert Insights on a Timely Policy Issue, The Rand Corporation, 2016: 11.

Free Essays - Human Fears in Catch-22 :: Catch-22

Catch-22 Human Fears The satirical and sympathetic tones in Catch-22 create bizarre situations and tragedy that describe war without the false glory and honor. It exposes human fears and needs in a time of pressure. The diction of Catch-22 displaces the irrational ideas that the military upholds regarding death. The "clause of Catch-22" has no consideration for the "rational mind," or "concern for one's own safety." Catch-22 is a logical infallibility that makes one follow in endless circles of nonsense. Anyone sensible is lost in this swamp of incomprehensibility. Sane becomes arguable and life becomes a joke when regarded through a catch-22. There was a "grim secret...over the messy floor," like "garbage," it was the "inevitable end." Death was so often and close and real that it became like a secret between soldiers that if it wasn't told maybe it would never be true. When they were dead they were like garbage, they could be burned, dropped and buried. For everyone in the war, death could be at any time. It was coming but they didn't know when. Death was treated like it was impersonal, almost a joke; a horrible joke that no individual had control over. In Catch-22 the detail portrays the actions leading Yossarian to become an Atheist. "Shivering uncontrollably," he kept thinking "everyone is trying to kill me." Physical pain isn't uncommon in war. It can create fear and cause anger toward everything, no matter what the cause. The thought that so many people are coming with guns forward and that they all could potential end his life; this paranoia kept running through the mind of Yossarian. With something like "Catch-22" it must be a "mean and stupid God." Catch-22 keeps a soldier in the fight with the fear and anger and danger. When you seem hopelessly lost and in peril all the time, one will begin to question the meaning of it all. Why am I still here? Why me? These questions and situations without an answer created a loss in faith. The organization of the plot moves from confusion to argument and finally to refutation. In the beginning Yossarian tries to reason with the officers to let him stop flying missions.