The personalities of the contenders Essay Example for Free

The personalities of the contenders EssayHow significant were the personalities of the contenders to succeed Lenin in accounting for Stalins defeat of his opponents in the years 1924-29? Lenins death on the 21st January 1924 caused huge sadness across the country. After Lenins death, everyone was eagerly waiting to know who would be the next attracter of Russia. In the years after Lenins death, there was no clear successor to his leadership. However, when Lenin was leader, Trotsky was always there for him, and he played a huge role in the civilised War, therefore everyone thought he would become Lenins successor. However, as wholesome as Trotsky there were different significant contenders, much(prenominal) as Stalin, Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev which created a huge force out struggle. I believe that the personalities of the contenders were significant in this struggle. However, other factors such as ideological battles, removal of opponents by Stalin and the consolidate d powerbases also had an effect. The personalities of all were all highly different by a great margin. The most likely to win, Trotsky was intellectually gifted which greatly benefitted him.He was also a great military leader and had good organisational skills. Trotsky has a few strong disadvantages to his personality though. His late arrival to the Bolshevik party could be interpret Trotsky as an unloyal casing while his confidence out-of-pocket to his intelligence made him quite a few different enemies in the Bolshevik party. Trotskys arrogance led to his defeat as he vastly underestimated Stalin and the threat he posed, while also decreasing his inner party support. At the time Trotsky would be clear favourite to win that his poor characteristics let him down. The next contender and winner of the battle for power was Joseph Stalin. An underdog and one of the least likely looking people to win, Stalin played his cards well and to his advantage. Being a Bolshevik from the begin ning supported the fact that Stalin was a loyal Bolshevik which was a strength of his personality. Stalin being a cunning character was another strength of his and was a contributing factor to the defeat of his enemies as he was substantially able to manipulate and outplay them.His ruthlessness and his ability to easily fix support due to his position and authority to promote them also benefitted greatly to the defeat of his enemies. He had a major weakness and thorn in his side though and that was Lenins opinion of him. The ability to easily manipulate Stalin was also a major disadvantage for him. While Stalin didnt look it, he had just as bigof a chance as Trotsky due to his nature. Another contender in the race for leadership was the Golden boy cognize as Bukharin. Bukharin was possessed one of the best personalities of the party and his traits and strengths such as his incorruptibility and honest and well natured manner were good aspects about him. His Golden boy appellation was also helpful as it represented how liked he was by Lenin before his death. His intellectuality also benefitted him greatly and he was often referred to as the brains of the Bolsheviks. Bukharins main weakness though was that he had no ambition and he was too young. These factors led to a small support for Bukharin while his right-wing views also baseball swing out some votes for him.Another contender, Zinoviev possessed good strengths such as being a good speaker and being good friends with Lenin. These would essentially form Zinoviev a right to the leadership of the party. He was involved little in the civil war though and his dislikeable and vain nature did little to help him gain the support he needed which was why he teamed up with the last contender Kamenev. Kamenev was also a friend of Lenin but compared to Zinoviev was from a working sept background which would have benefitted him greatly due to the say and respect he would have. Kamenev had little influence though a nd was too uninspirational greatly denting his chances Therefore, what we can infer from the personalities and strengths of from each one other contenders was that Stalin cleverly manipulated and took advantage of each contenders weaknesses which led to him becoming leader. Stalin would also use the past to his advantage e.g. Zinovievs poor revolutionary record or Trotskys past allegiances. Stalin would also use the personalities of other contenders to his advantage e.g. Trotskys arrogance or the fact that Bukharin has no ambition. There were also many other factors that led to Stalins victory though.Another way in which Stalin won was the removal of opponents by Stalin. Stalin slowly but surely took out each of his opponents conservatively and concisely. Stalin removed Trotsky by creating the Triumvirate with Kamenev and Zinoviev. Stalin carefully destroyed Trotskys reputation with Zinoviev and Kamenev with things such as drumheading his loyalty to Lenin, destroying his influenc e by questioning his Bonapartism ideology and question his activities leading up to the revolution. Stalin also made Trotsky miss the funeral of Lenin, shocking the party and destroying Trotskys influence by a huge chunk. When Stalin had taken care of Trotsky,he then took care of Zinoviev and Kamenev by splitting the Triumvirate and creating the Duumvirate with Bukharin. With Zinoviev and Kamenev in decline due to the influence they had in the defeat of Trotsky, Stalin easily defeated them. When that had happened Stalin quickly turned against Bukharin and with his outgrowth influence Stalin removed him from the race for leadership.At the end of everything, Stalin had removed all opponents and this was a big factor in determining Stalins victory due to the fact that it had removed all of the people in the way of Stalin becoming leader of the Bolsheviks. Another way Stalin took power was by increasing his influence by never actually taking a side. While everyone was on either a left- wing or right-wing stance, Stalin remained neutral as to not ravish his influence with members of either side. This way Stalin would face less opposition due to him not going against a large opposition of the party. His stance on things such as the NEP also came to his advantage and he both agreed and disagreed with it at different times. Stalin also took a neutral view on how fast Russia should industrialise, he personally however took a left wing view towards this.

Construction - Receiving a Brief Essay Example for Free

Construction Receiving a Brief EssayAs the brief was given I started to research many existing Sunday supplements. Research was needed to give a better under infrastructureing as to what techniques and codes ar used to separate them from some other magazines. The conventions that I have used for my supplement are large pictures, main and sub headings, intensity of lighting on images, medium shots of actress, large quotes, columned interview and a certain representation of the interviewee. After researching quite some depth into the supplements I noticed these codes that were used, all the magazines had used these codes and techniques. I then constructed a top drawn draft of the layout of my magazine. The layouts of all three types of supplements (broadsheet, tabloid, daily) were varied so I chose the most convenient layout of the Sunday times as this had not too overmuch text and 2-3 images on a double summon spread denomination. I decided that my supplement would consis t of a front cover, two adverts double page spread article and a contents page.All of the pages have been constructed using many layers and all the following effects plus those added below Tool Type, Eraser, bare Transform, Magic Wand, Copy, Crop, Paste, Airbrush, three unalike dodge tools. The front cover needed a name the existing names used were like, Sunday, review, culture etc. I chose a name, which I thought, would describe my supplement and its contents so ADVANCE because my supplement tells the facts and reviews before anyone else. I chose to colour the background red as it makes the Osrailway car stand out. The scanned image of the Oscar was placed to link with the article inside. Tools used were mainly tool type (headings), layer effect (emboss, for title outer(a) glow for Oscar), gradient (background colour). The jiffy page of my supplement is a television advert. All the supplements that I researched had entertainment ads such as TVs, hi-fis and DVDs, so I decided to create my own. Two authoritative images have been used on TV ad.1. The television 2. The eyes. These were taken with a digital camera supplied by the college. The advert is supposed to resemble one of the different adverts that are used in present magazines. Tools mainly used rubber stamp (TV image), eraser (fitting image), layer effect (outer bevel for title).My contents page consists of 2 schoolmaster images 1. The Birmingham based building rotunda 2. The doctor or drunk image. The text on the left side of the page has been used to give an impression that there are all these articles in the supplement, likewise the two images at the bottom and the quotes have been used to give a preview of whats inside. The contents page was inspired by The Sunday Times Magazine. Tools, text colour (various colours), free transform (alters image size), outer bevel (sub heading). The double page spread article consists of 5 original images. 1. Actress supposedly holding Oscar. 2. Supposed fron t cover of a mainstream magazine. 3,45. Actress with family in an American home. The mise en scene of the family image was scanned in, but the other two backgrounds were constructed. The technical decision was where my images were going to be placed I decided to integrate them with the text. Tools used, filters (lens flare for flashes effect), emboss (quotes), variations (alter clothes colour). The back advert consists of three original images. 1. The car sign 2. Three views of the car. 3. The supposed box carrying the car. Tools used, pillow emboss (car images and text), blur (edges of box), brightness/contrast (image quality), inner bevel (text) and magic wand (edit certain areas of image), outer glow (gold Lexus). My concluding product was all constructed on Adobe Photoshop 5.5, for my article I was about to use Microsoft Publisher but it seemed to restrict what and how I treasured my final article to look like.Evaluation.I believe that I achieved what the brief had told us. T he final took a lot of effort developing this piece of coursework. I theorise my product does resemble a Sunday supplement as I have used the codes and techniques to make it look like a Sunday supplement. I imagine that if a person would see the layout of my work they would instantly recognize it as a Sunday Supplement. Also the context is quite formal as are most supplements, the language I have used is moderate and mild. An Oscar was used to give glamorous yet firm look to the supplement also subheadings and intros are few but spaced. The contents page is relatively spaced out this has been done to give a comfortable feel to the reader. The small issues in the column are about various things from serious youth issues to entertainment such as puzzles and crosswords. I am quite pleased with the adverts that I created these were do after I narrowed down my research to three different newspapers, then I could see overall what similar types of ads they had.The layout of my article wa s very difficult, so I chose to create the article into to several paragraphs leaving no spaces in between. This was deeply influenced by The Sunday Times Magazine interview layouts. The pictures in my article are not very realistic due to the small experience I have with Photoshop, I could greatly improve on them, and also I could further improve on researching more. Potential buyers would see my newspaper and supplement as one of the established broadsheets, so it would sell to readers of a 20+ group. I used large images to give the reader a stress-free feel, as they wouldnt get frightened by the amount of text. My final product was shown to a real audience. The reactions were straightforward as most of them were impressed and agreed that it gave a supplement look and feel, also that they would purchase it, if it were on the shelves. Overall I am pleased with my final product and hope that I have achieved what was intended.

Social media as a distraction for African students Essay Example for Free

sociable media as a doubt for Afri sack students EssaySocial media as a distraction for African students amicable media has formed a massive part of our lives whether we embrace the concept or discard it. Social media is all around us on all continents and in most countries. It can be likened to death, regarding its inevitable nature. Social media can be defined as the relationship that exists between networks of people. (Walter Riviera, 2004). We as individuals cannot conceive of a world without social media, not to talk about the internet. The income or the earnings of some individuals actually come from social media as a issue of the advertisement. One can confidently say that social media has been of immense benefit to the general public. It has helped to reduce communication barriers, it has helped us relate cave in with our friends and relatives, and it has created avenues for melodic line opportunities, merely like both natural phenomenon, it has a flip side as w ell. Social media has been and is still a major distraction for students in Africa and as materialisation adults or students, we argon mostly caught up in this web on countless occasions. This paper will talk about how social media has been and is still a distraction for students.Like stated earlier on, social media has been lauded for its benefits to the world. It has helped in terms of socialization, in that, it helps us rewire our relationship with our long-lost friends, it helps people to advertise their products which actually turns their business into a very lucrative mavin, it also creates avenues for business opportunities and so forth. We could sit and devote our time to describing how social media has been a blessing to this generation but as the saying goes every yin has its yang. Social media like every natural thing has its cons as well. It has become a major distraction for students in almost every country in Africa. According to a delineate by common sense media, 7 5% of African teenagers presently have profiles on social networking sites, of which 68% of them use Facebook as their main social networking tool. According to Sephora, a digital marketing website, studies have shown that 50% of 18-24-year-olds go on Facebook when they wake up (Noyes, 2002). approximately students in this modern era, cannot go a day without visiting social media websites, not to even talk about their phones. One major effect of social media on students is that there is no privacy in their lives. The figure below shows the kind of development people put on social media.Students of today fancy nothing wrong in sharing their personal information on Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook because they see it to be the new thing trending or they try to stick to the locating quo. Some students deliberately turn a blind eye to the consequences or the effects of putting such information out there, thinking that there are no harmful people in the world or thinking that its the status quo. All these information put out there can actually bring harm to the students because there are people out there who have bad intentions or who have the mindset of getting the information of people and blackmailing them. According to daily graphic, a 21 year old girl who always used to put her photos or what is going on in her life on social media was one time blackmailed by one criminal because she put an explicit picture of herself there thinking no one would see and was asked to return a ransom of GHS100, 000 for the picture not to be leaked. She then had to appeal for funds just to be able to redeem herself. It sometimes would not be this easy to come out of blackmailing, so its better to avoid all these problems, as the saying goes prevention is indeed better than cure.In the same vein, social media is seen as the cause for the low grades some students get during the exams they take or the assignments they get from school. Most students when in crystallise do not pay assist but rather use their phones with the excuse of checking what new song Justin Bieber has released or what dress Serena Williams wore to her recent wedding. Although its good to be up-to-date on the things happening around us, there is time for everything. Time powder magazine US edition, an article called Wired for distraction, conducted a inquiry and realized that students who are seriously involved in social media have what we call continuous partial attention, which was said by Linda Stone, a Microsoft executive. This means, their attention to focus on one thing or person at a time is nearly impossible. Most students find it very difficult to pay attention in class because they are distrait by the least thing or noise they hear. The constant distraction of social media tends to affect how the students attain and absorb information. Students who try to multitask by utilise their phones to text and surf social networks while listening to the lecturer teach en d up not using their brains to its full potential or capacity. According to the University of California, Los Angeles, there are two kinds of learning segments in the brain. The focused learner is one that pays attention and is not distracted by their phones, friends or their laptops. These people use the hippocampus region of the brain, the part of the brain used in long-term memory. And we have the multitaskers these people try and complete one or more tasks at the same time. They use the part of the brain called the striatum this part, on the other hand, is normally for those who try and study patterns or habits. Students of today are easily distracted and must learn to pay full attention in class in order to turn their dreams into reality.Social media takes a lot of time from students. Students normally have the intention of checking Facebook or Instagram for a specific amount of time. They plan on spending 5 proceeding on social media but before they can say jack, they spend o ver 3 hours on it. In 2010, the Kaiser family foundation came out with a report that children between the ages of eight (8) to eighteen (18) use over 7 or more hours on social media sites. One research study done by Phil Smith was that once an hour, 9 out of 10 students are distracted by Facebook or Twitter. (Smith, 2011).ReferencesNoyes, D. (n.d.). Digital Marketing Consultants top 20 valuable facebook statistics 2017.https//zephoria.com/top-15-valuable-facebook-statistics/Sterling, G. (2014, July 22). church bench 94% Of Teenagers Use Facebook, Have 425 Facebook Friends, But Twitter Instagram Adoption Way Up. https//marketingland.com/pew-the-average-teenager-has-425-4-facebook-friends-44847Conley, D. (2011, 19 May). Wired for Distraction Kids and Social Media. Time Magazine U.S. http//www.time.com/time/magazine/article

Isolation of Sarracenin from Root Barks of Strychnos Spinosa

Isolation of Sarracenin from Root Barks of Strychnos Spinosa On isolation of Sarracenin from Root barks of Strychnos spinosa and its germicide Properties.A known iridoid, Sarracenin, was isolated from the root bark of Strychnos spinosa. Its structure was elucidated by 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, and comp are with reported data. This is the first time it has been isolated from this species. The compound showed significant antimicrobial activities against staphylococci aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans Candida tropicalis, Candida thrusei, and Candida stellatoidea, respectively.The genus Strychnos (Loganiaceae), consist of about 75 accepted species found passim the tropics and subtropical Africa 1. Strychnos spinosa is commonly known as Kaffir orange, Spiny monkey orange or Natal orange. It is utilized variously in African traditional medicine for ailments such as dropsy, earache, snakebite, fever, elephantiasis, fever epilep sy and rheumatism 2. The isolation and structural elucidation of the iridoid sarracenin from the root bark of this plant and its antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans Candida tropicalis, Candida thrusei, and Candida stellatoidea, respectively, is hereby reported.Results and Discussion. The compound was obtained as fine, transparent, needle shaped crystals. It was determined as Sarracenin using 1D and 2D-NMR experiments, and comparison with reported data 3, 4, 5. Some revisions to reported chemic shift assignments 3, 4 based on our DEPTq135, H, H-COSY, HMBC, HSQC and NOESY data are suggested.Table 1.1HNMR Data of Sarracenin in CDCl3 ( in ppm, J in Hz) based on fig. 1ADEPT spectra DEPTq 135 spectrum gave the proton chemical shifts 166.77 (quaternary or methylene), 150.08 (methine or methyl), 112.32 (quaternary or methylene), 91.68 (methine or methyl), 88.13 (methine or methyl), 68.99 (methine or methyl), 51.42 (methine or methyl), 35.06 (quaternary or methylene), 32.26 (methine or methyl), 22.06 (methine or methyl), 18.70 (methine or methyl). The conclusion by Miles et al, 3 that signals at 35.1 and 22.1 are due to methine (C-5) and methylene (C-6), respectively, does not agree with our results otherwise, we agree with their 13 C conclusions. Similarly, Wang et al, 4 report of chemical shifts at 91.7 as quaternary, 112.3 as methine, 18.7 as quaternary and 166.8 as methyl (Table 2.) is at variance with their justifications on HMQC and HMBC data.In addition, Wang et al, 4 reports 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 5.78 (d, J = 1.6 Hz), 1.34 (d, J = 6.5Hz, 3 H) as signals for protons at C-1 and C- 10, respectively no protons are located at those positions (Figure 1A). It would seem a different numbering scheme was used, however, two different numberings were considered (Figures 1A 1B) neither agreed completely with Wang et al, 4. Those assignments would appear to have distor ted conclusions on 1H, 1H-COSY, HMBC and HMQC data (Tables 1 2).1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 7.46 (s, 1H), 5.79 (t, J = 1.9 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J = 3.5, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (q, J = 6.5 Hz, 1H), 2.98 (ddt, J = 10.7, 4.0, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 2.44 2.31 (m, 1H), 1.68 (dddd, J = 10.0, 5.3, 2.9, 1.0 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.5 Hz, 3H).Table 2.13C-NMR Data of Sarracenin in CDCl3 ( in ppm) based on fig. 1AKey * = major(ip) areas with spy variation.It was noted that the compound contained 11 signals using13C-NMR and DEPT spectra, including two Me, one CH2, six CH, and two quaternary carbons. Analysis of overall NMR spectroscopic data revealed the signals at1 2EFigure 1A. Numbering of Sarracenin as by Miles et al, 3 and present work, B Numbering as on www.chemspider.com6 C Important HMBC correlations, D Important NOESY correlations, E Important 1H-1HCOSY correlations.1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3, TMS)7.46 (s, 1 H), 5.79 (t, J = 1.9, 1 H), 4.99 (dd, J = 3.5, 0.8, 1 H), 4.22 (q, J = 6.5, 1 H), 3.76 (s, 3 H), 2.98 (d dt, J = 10.7, 4.0, 1.9, 1 H), 2.37, 1.68 (m, dddd, J = 10.0, 5.3, 2.9, 1.0, 2 H), 1.35 (d, J = 6.5, 3 H) 13CNMR and DEPT (100 MHz, CDCl3, TMS) 166.77 (ester C=O), 150.08 (olefinicCH), 112.32 (olefinic quaternary carbon), 91.68 (CH), 88.13 (CH), 68.99 (CH), 51.42 (ester OCH3), 35.06 (methylene), 32.26 (CH), 22.06 (allylic CH), 18.70 (CH3)Antimicrobial activityThe antimicrobial activities of sarracenin were assayed against some pathogenic microbes obtained from the Department of Medical Microbiology A.B.U. Teaching Hospital, Zaria, Nigeria. The compound showed significant antibacterial and antifungal activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella pnuemoniae, Candida tropicalis and Candida stellatoidea (Table 3.). This establishs sarracenin out as a major medicinal principle of Strychnos spinosa and lends justification to its use in traditional medicine. experimentalCollecti on of Plant MaterialThe root bark of Strychnos spinosa was collected from Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria, in August, 2013. The bark was air-dried and their size reduced with the aid of a wooden howitzer and pestle.Extraction and IsolationThe ground material (750 g) was macerated for 72 hours using 500 mL each of hexane, chloroform, ethyl ethanoate and methanol. Preliminary antimicrobial screening revealed the ethyl acetate extract to be most active against test microbes. Thus the ethyl acetate extract (10 g) was separated by Vacuum liquid chromatography. A very gentle gradient elution was used from hexane through to ethyl acetate. Thirty fractions (25 ml each) were collected and allowed to evaporate to approximately half their initial volumes. Fine needles were observed in fractions 20-25. These were monitored by TLC on ethyl acetate- methanol (11) solvent system and plates visualized using iodine vapour. The combined needles (221 mg) were further purified using SephadexLH20 wit h methanol-ethyl acetate ratio (11) as solvent. 1HNMR, 13CNMR and 2DNMR experiments were carried out on the purified compound using 30 mg. Its melting point was 123 1240C determined using Electro thermal IA 9300 (Gallenkhamp capillary melting point apparatus with a thermometer).Antimicrobial AssayThe compound (0.01 mg) was weighed and dissolved in DMSO (10 mL) to obtain a concentration of 10 g/mL (This would subsequently be used to determine the antimicrobial activities of the plant). Mueller Hinton and Sabouraud dextrose agar were used as development media for the microbes. All the media were prepared according to the manufacturers instructions, sterilized at 121 oC for 15 min and were poured into sterile petri dishes, allowed to cool and solidify. Disc diffusion method was used to screen the initial crude extracts. Sterilized media were seeded with a timeworn inoculum (0.1 ml) of test microbe, Mueller Hinton for the bacteria and SDA for the fungi. The inoculum was spread evenly over the surface of the media using a sterile swab. A well (6 mm) was cut at the center of the inoculated medium using a standard cork-borer (6 mm diameter). Solution of the extract (0.1 mL) was introduced into each well of the inoculated medium. The inoculated media were incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours for bacteria and at 30 oC for 7 days for the fungi, after which plates were observed for zones of inhibition of growth.Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of the compound was determined using the broth dilution method. Minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration (MBC and MFC) were also carried out to determine whether the test microbes were killed or only inhibited. Ciprofloxacin, Fulcin and Fluconazole were used as positive controls.Table 3. Antimicrobial Activity of sarraceninKey S = Sensitive, R = Resistant, = (No turbidity) No colony growth, = MIC or MBC or MFC, + = (Turbid) Scanty colony growth, ++ = Moderate colony growth, +++ = Heavy colony growthRef erencesSitrit, Y., Loison, S., Ninio R, et al. (October 2003). Characterization of monkey orange (Strychnos spinosa Lam.), a potential new crop for arid regions. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (21) 625660.De, B.B. and Bisset, N.G. (1988). Alkaloids from the leaves of strychnos wallichiana steudelEx. A. DC. Indian Drugs 26 (2) 90-91.Miles, H. D.,Kokpol, U., Bhattacharyya, J.,Atwood, J. L.,Stone, K. E.,Bryson, T. A. and Wilson, C. (1976). Structure of Sarracenin. An Unusual EnolDiacetalMonoterpene from the apivorous Plant Sarracenia Java.J. Am. Chem. Soc. (6) 1570Wang, Y., Wei, Q., Yang, L., and Liu, Z. (2003). Iridoid Glucosides from Chinese Herb Lonicerachrysathaand their antitumor activity. J. Chem. Research (S) 676-677Yang, X., Li, E., Zhang, Q., Yuan, C., and Jia, Z. (2006). Five New Iridoids from Patrinarupestris. Helv. Chim. Acta. (3) 762-770http//www.chemspider.com

The 1956 Hungarian Revolution

The 1956 Hungarian RevolutionThe events of 1956 in Hungary, in the months of October and November, are considered by Westerners as one of the darkest moments of the Cold War. Indeed had President Eisenhower and his US officials observed the offhand national uprising in Hungary with shock and perplexity. Trumans doctrine of Containment had been preserved since the mid 1940s, and a mutation against the USSRs rule in Soviet sphere of influence was seen as a huge victory against communism. Wise Eisenhower however dared not to risk and jeopardize the atmosphere of improving relations with the newly em roleed Soviet leader, Nikita Khrushchev.Nikita Khrushchev, born(p) in 1894, was of poor background. He used to work as a pipe fitter in the mines. He fought in the Bolshevik Revolution and is know for participating in the bloody defense of Stalingrad, an anecdote he took great pride in throughout his life. In 1953, when Stalin passed away, Nikita returned to Moscow as one of Stalins fi nis advisers and was eventually pronounced new leader of the USSR. On February 25, 1956, at the Twentieth Party Congress, he delivered the Secret Speech, vilifying Stalin. Khrushchevs new domestic policies, aimed at improving the lives of general citizens, were often ineffective, especially in the area of agriculture. He also backed the progress of the early Soviet space program. Hoping to rely on missiles for national defense, Khrushchev consistent major cuts in conventional forces. Despite the cuts, Khrushchevs rule saw the tensest old age of the Cold War, culminating in the Cuban Missile Crisis. However in the Secret Speech, Khrushchev stretch outly denounced Stalins cult of personality, and criticized Soviets who pictured him as a divinity on an altar and blindly approved of him on whichever aspect.At that time in Hungary, the revolution was intimately to burst. In 1955, Imre Nagy, famous for his belief in communism with a human face, was replaced as Hungarian prime ministe r and expelled from communist party oer with child(p) policies. Early 1956 saw Polish anti-communist revolts by imposing the Martial Law. Reformist Wladyslaw Gomulka was eventually elected head of the communist party. These events steered a student revolt in the streets of Budapest in October 23. The few students were soon joined by 200.000 other Hungarians, fuelled by the lukewarm prospect of liberation. The swelling demonstration then headed for the parliament where Nagy failed to splice with the crowd, and attended the retrieval of the angry mob to Radio Budapest. The most optimistics had expectd for the permission for a broadcast which included the demand of the withdrawal of Soviet troops and Hungarian Independance. The AVH secret police opened fire to disperse the crowd.Over the course of the next week, Nagy underwent a remarkable transformation, from a more or less obedient pro-Moscow Communist to a politician willing to sanction unprecedented political, economic and soci al reform. These included the establishment of a multi-party state in Hungary and insistent on the withdrawal of all Soviet forces from the country. By November 1st, Nagy took the dramatic step of declaring Hungarys rejection of the Warsaw Pact and appealed to the United Nations for help in establishing the countrys neutrality.Surprisingly, on October 23 the revolt seemed analogous it was on the verge of an amazing triumph. The entire nation appeared to dedicate taken up arms against the regime. On October 31, the tide seemed to turn in the revolutions favour when Pravda produce a declaration promising greater equality in relations between the USSR and its East European satellites. One sentence of particular interest utter The Soviet Government is disposed(p) to enter into the appropriate negotiations with the government of the Hungarian Peoples Republic and other members of the Warsaw Treaty on the question of the presence of Soviet troops on the territory of Hungary.However, the apparent atmosphere derived from reality. Even CIA Director Allen Dulles described the succeeding uprising as a miracle. But the upcoming events evinced the untrustworthiness of the misleading declarations of the Kremlin. The latter believed that the rebellion directly threatened Communist rule in Hungary. Poland strangely did not suffer Soviet aggression contrastingly to Hungary, perhaps be start Wladyslaw Gomulka and the Polish Communists solely challenged Kremlin rule and not the whole Communist system as the slav students had. The Kremlin also forecasted the West to judge their lack of reply as a sign of weakness, which could en bravery future uprisings of neighbouring satellite states and leaders.After the events of October 23 in Budapest, unarmed demonstrators were targeted by Soviet tanks. The angry and fed up people of Hungary inflicted for a symbolic general strike. Janos Kadar was freed and became Nagys deputy. The revolution spreaded to the countryside. Nagy felt o ptimistic about the inauguration of negociations with the Soviets. On November 1st, Nagy officially announced Hungarys withdrawal of the Warsaw Pact. The Kremlin contemplated and deduced no other choice but to invade Hungarys Republic. The fourth, Soviet forces launched a major attack on Hungary aimed at crushing once and for all the spontaneous uprising. indoors hours, Nagy himself sought asylum at the Yugoslav Embassy in Budapest while his former colleague and imminent replacement, Jnos Kdr disposed(p) to take power with Moscows backing. On November 22, after receiving assurances of safe passage from Kdr and the Soviets, Nagy finally agreed to leave the Yugoslav Embassy. But he was immediately arrested by Soviet security officers and flown to a secret location in Romania. By then, the fighting had mostly ended, the Hungarian resistance had essentially been destroyed, and Kdr was entering the next phase of his strategy to neutralize dissent for the long term. The Russians had once again demonstrated to be harsh and head-on when confronted to a revolt in its Empire. Some Hungarians are still embittered by the hypocrical approach the Soviet performed to crush the revolt. No other uprising was observed until the 1989 call for democracy. The history of the events of 1956 was effectively sealed to Hungarians. Even to mention the name of Imre Nagy in public was to risk punishment.At the exact same time the Hungarian revolution took place in the month of October, another crisis nearby began in Suez. On July 26, 1956, the Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser, nationalized the Suez Canal. The canal had been owned by the Suez Canal Company, which was controlled by French and British interests. The Suez Crisis was provoked by an American and British decision not to finance Egypts construction of the Aswan High Dam, as they had promised, in response to Egypts growing ties with communist Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. Vengefully, Abdel declared martial law in th e canal zone and seized control of the Suez Canal Company, predicting that the tolls collected from ships passing through the canal would pay for the dams construction indoors five years. Britain and France feared that Nasser might close the canal and cut off shipments of petroleum flowing from the Persian Gulf to western Europe. When diplomatic efforts to settle the crisis failed, Britain and France secretly prepared military action to regain control of the canal and, if possible, to depose Nasser. They found a spend a penny ally in Israel, whose hostility toward Egypt had been exacerbated by Nassers blockage of the drumhead of Tiran (at the mouth of the Gulf of Aqaba) and the numerous raids by Egyptian- reasserted commandos into Israel during 1955-56. Britain and France, following their plan, demanded that Israeli and Egyptian troops withdraw from the canal, and they announced that they would intervene to enforce a cease-fire order by the United Nations. On November 5 and 6, B ritish and French forces landed at Port Said and Port Fuad and began occupying the canal zone. This move was soon met by growing opposition at home and by U.S, which quickly put a stop to the Anglo-French action. On December 22 the UN evacuated British and French troops, and Israeli forces withdrew in March 1957.In the coldest year of the Cold War, the worlds attention was diverted from Hungary. OIL, the black gold, was the main interest of the power-hungry leaders of the time. This was more or less a strategic war, aimed at keeping the prosperity of the capitalist nations. France and England could prevail intervened in Hungary, but their concerns was to maintain European influence on Egyptian soils. The Suez Canal was set in a crucial and strategic location, where taxes financed the British and French economies. The two countries also did not want to test the Soviet super-power and begin a open conflict with the communists, when they already were a problem at home. President Eise nhower also assumed that US intervention in Suez would be seen as self-interested, and a US support in the Hungarian revolution would have been obnoxious to the USSR. Eisenhowers policy was indeed to promote the independence of the so-called captive nations, but only over the longer-term. The policy of Containment had evolved into a more nonbelligerant and poker-face aspect, where military involvment had proved not be the exclusive answer to deal with a communist situation. The president was not ready to jeopardize the increasing pacifistic atmosphere of tolerance, world peace and cooperation which had been perceived over the last few years. The Hungarian revolt could have ended in a nuclear war opposing East and West, but fortunately, the Suez crisis and Eisenhowers wisdom and skepticism inhibited the catastrophic scenario.Nasser emerged from the Suez Crisis a victor and a hero for the cause of Arab and Egyptian nationalism. Israel did not win freedom to use the canal, but it did r egain shipping rights in the Straits of Tiran. Britain and France, less fortunate, lost most of their influence in the Middle East as a result of the episode.Children of Glory Children of Glory is a movie from Hungarian-American writer Joe Eszterhas. The two main characters are Karcsi, a urine polo champion, and student activist Viki. Children of Glory traces the love story of two untested Hungarians confronted to the violence and desperation of a conflict in their home country. We contemplate distinct ways people of Hungary opposed to the Soviet domination. Many students were similar to Viki, consumed by Communist rule, and sought to gain their independance by violence if necessary. Even if at offshoot the student revolt seemed insignificant, it is a crowd of 200.000 people that Nagy witnessed in front of the Parliament. Karcsi is drawn by his love for Viki in the middle of the bloody revolt, and grows increasingly complaisant towards the girl and in agreement with her revolut ionary ideas. The boy is however more pacifistic, as we never clearly feel an urge for him to exert violence. His passion is doubtless water-polo, and he seems pleased with the lifestyle he leads. However, his life changes when he meets Viki and sees his interest aroused by this intriguing fiery angel. She is fierce and direct for exposing her ideas, and shows great skills when it comes to fight down her opinions. This strong character melts Karcsis heart, and he soon cannot be deprived of her for long, and wishes to follow her in her revolutionary projects. When Viki asks him to represent Hungary in Melbourne for the Olympics, it is with real bewilderment that he is aware of Soviet advance on Hungarian soil. Karcsi and his team-mates are then confronted to one the most arduous decision to make continue the Olympics and defeat the Russians in the final. With support of the coach and leadership of Karcsi, the teams challenge is attained, and Hungary brings home the gold. Their co untry was honorably represented, and it is therefore a minor victory over the Soviet tyrants, as an oasis of hope or a wink to every Hungarian back home. The teams achievement was world-wide followed, as it was televised and used as propaganda against the USSR. People watching the game might have been impressed by the determination and will of the young Hungarians to defeat their oppressors. They might have thought, Wow, these blokes are brave . These televised Olympics were the second to attach great importance to the sneaky message they can deliver. In 1936, Jesse Owens had embarrassed Hitler by defeating arian-race athletes in the jumping and racing events. Hitler was absent to every medal the black man received. However, the Olympics had demonstrated Germanys power and magnificence throughout Goebbels propaganda techniques. Twenty years later, the message the Olympics undermined was different even under total dominance of the USSR, Hungary and its people were still united, alive and gleaming with pride. The oppressor had been defeated in a peaceful way, which consequently gave hope and courage to the Hungarian people, overwhelmed by Soviet tanks and bodies to bury.I personally believe that this movie, however produced fifty years after the events, is still honest and accurate to describe the atmosphere at that time. It exhibits lives of common people at that time, and authentically shows how common people compared to David, dealt with the big Russian Goliath. They virtually had no possibilities to triumph in their conquest of liberty, but still, they fought for what they thought was right, and it is honorable. Many were killed. 2006 was a perfect year to release a movie in commemoration of these antagonistic joyful and morbid events. The story is clearly romanced, but this aspect is welcomed in such somber times. People are emotionaly affected by a tragic ending, with a disappointed Karcsi who will never meet his beloved again. Despite, the ending th en, I think the movie is 86% accurate. There is a Soviet perspective of the story which I cannot debate on because I do not know their side of the story. I however believe the atrocities of the conflicts and the courage people manifested was overly authentic. Lately, archival records have been excavated and analysed, and even US government records have recently been re-reviewed and released in more complete form.Many people suffered during that time, it has been remembered as an obscur part of Hungarian history, and this is why the general public can be aroused by this movie.Still today, sports are a source for propaganda. Politics have infiltered every aspect of our society, and we are controlled and influenced by the leaders at the top of the pyramid. However, the heroes of 1956 are no soldiers for once, but a team of water-polo. A group of young men supporting the weight of the pride and the hope of a whole country, with in return, the backing and the blessing of this same countr y.

Does Nursing Need Theory?

Does Nursing Need Theory?=Do nurtures need conjecture? A question that set up be considered on many different levels. If one considers the evolution of treat over time, one bathroom observe that the nurse of antiquity was arguably as subject on the prevalent theories of the day as the current nurse. Theory determines practice and opening justifies practice (Einstein paraphrased in Kuhse Singer 2001). The nurse who changed the blood letting wheel of antiquity was as dependent upon the theories of imbalances in the humors for her practice as were the nurses in the wards of Ignaz Semmelweis (Semmelweis IP. 1861) who may well have found the idiosyncratic insistence on buy the farm washing to remove the presence of the unseen agents of infection completely bizarre until the narrate sensual of reduction in puerperal infection could be clearly established.In this latter comment we ignore find one of the major dilemmas facing the care for theorists of today. The plethora of n urse theories have been subsumed into a goal (albeit delimit by the theorists themselves) of finding a unified nursing theory. One that will define the human condition and also medical sciences retort to the management of the various conditions of pathophysiology that tin befall it. The stumbling block of many theories is the difficulty in establishing a credible evidence base to support it. (Brechin A et al. 2000). To return the Einstein quotation cited earlier, one can have a theory that may determine practice, but it is only with the demonstration of an evidence base that the theory can actually be used to justify practice.One of the luminaries of nursing theory and practice was Martha Rogers, the late Dean of Nursing at impertinent York University. To lucubrate the point, Rogers published many nursing theories in her usageing life. Some (the Unitary theory) have gained a degree of general acceptance others have faded in the mists of time. It was her stated goal to define a unified theory of nursing. (Meleis, A 1997). The Rogerian surface appe ard to have little room for establishment of evidence bases and we would suggest that this approach is essentially flawed. (Halpern S D 2005).To consider an extrapolation into other scientific disciplines by way of analogy, we none that it has not been possible to define a unified theory of biological science. Biology is essentially a study of life in general. It does not seek to be a theory of life. Although theories may be postulated in the explanations of the various phenomenon encountered in the field, such as natural selection or the function of the genome, these are used to test the various hypotheses underpinning possible observations, laboratory work and in or so cases, mathematical models. There is no all- cover biological theory. At a more fundamental level we can observe that biology is based on chemistry which, in turn, is ultimately based on principles of physics. Again we can observe that t here is no unified theory encompassing the entire field. (after putting surface J et al. 1998). This analogy is applicable to nursing theory if one considers the huge range of skills and requirements needed by the modern professional nurse. The spectrum of tasks indispensable and expected of the nurse in a variety of situations is legion. To be effective the nurse must understand the human condition from the viewpoint of the pathophysiology, the psychology, the human energetic and socio-economic elements of the tolerants presentation and illness trajectory. (Yura H et al. 1998). Much of our understanding of these elements is encapsulated into various concepts or theories which are perhaps best regarded as dynamic and changeable or in a treat of evolution. (Wadensten et al. 2003).A practical consideration would suggest that the nurse is responsible for giving medication, undertaking procedures of medical intervention as well as caring for the general physical well-being of t he patient, they record various parameters of their patients progress. They can be the patients exhort in terms of their dealings with other healthcare professionals, organisations or even commercial concerns. (Hogston, R et al. 2002). In order to carry out these ( and many other) functions efficiently. The nurse needs to be competent in a huge moment of areas with skills in interpersonal relationships, organisational, technical and clerical areas. It follows that these skills are derived from a large number of disparate areas such as anatomy, physiology, therapeutics, psychology, management theory, bookkeeping and tabulation. (Mason T et al. 2003)The point being made here is that, in the light of these comments, it seems in assume to consider that there should be, in Rogerian terms, a unified theory of nursing (Rogers, M E 1970). The overall goal would undoubtedly be that the professional nurse should seek to rectify the overall well-being of their patients. This target is the a ccumulative result of any number of different and disparate processes and skills form many differing academic and human disciplines. We would suggest that it is not amenable to the reductionist philosophy of Rogers.Despite the notable article by Christensen (P et al. 1994) which criticises authors who have applied such strategies to both extrapolate from and to expand implications of Rogerian theory, reductionist strategies are not entiretyly inappropriate. In a further scientific analogy, we can point to a classic case of reductionism which contributed greatly to our understanding of the natural world. When atomic number 7 made his mathematical models linking orbiting planets, projectiles and falling apples, he produced one of the most dramatically valid reductions in scientific literature. Reductionism per se. is not an inappropriate process.Herein lies a a great deal perpetuated fallacy that permeates the field of literature on nursing theory. The term Reduction, in a nursing context, can have two distinct connotations. It can be observed that around nursing theorists apply the term to the tendency of some healthcare professionals to visualise and regard the patient as a number, a set of symptoms or a demonstration of a particular element of pathophysiology rather than as an individual in their own specific socio-economic, cultural and psychological setting. (Alcock P, 2003). Although this is a completely appropriate and specific use of the term, it is distinctly different from the implications of Reductionism in the scientific and analytical sense. Some nursing theorists (viz. Christensen) use the term in a derogatory or disparaging form that does not appreciate or even acknowledge the positive aspects of the technique. (Hott, J R et al. 1999).We would suggest that such confusion in the terminology has led to some nursing theory being discredited. If we expand this theme by staying with Rogerian theory as an illustration of the point, we can suggest th at in the broader context of medicine generally, scientific reduction has enabled progress in medical science by allowing the accurate identification of causal agents of affection and thereby allowing the development of appropriate strategies to combat and eliminate them. Nursing theorists should embrace this aspect of the concept of reductionism while combating any suggestion of a reduction of the spot of the patient from that of an autonomous human being (Mill JS 1982).To consider the situation as Christensen does and to decry the use of reductionism and to treat events as essentially causal, does no favours for the analytical process that is central to any theoretical process. It effectively takes nursing theory out of the realms of science which, almost by definition, considers processes as cause and effect. (Polit, D F et al. 1997). counterbalance if we consider processes that are essentially acausal such as the spontaneous degradation of atomic nuclei, one can point to the fact that these processes are still kind of capable of being considered reliable processes because they can be detected, demonstrated, quantifiable, repeatable and amenable to statistical analysis. If we contrast this to the nursing theorists in general, and perhaps Rogers in particular, we can return that their writing and reasoning is largely devoid of causal argument and subsequent reasoning. (Barnum, B J. S. 1998).The reasons for this are clearly a matter of speculation. The less charitable analyst might be tempted to conclude that some of the theories propounded do not meet common sense standards. Few of the theories meet the criteria that would satisfy a reputable evidence base as they appear to avoid rigorous testing. To take a specific example, the theory of therapeutic touch is certainly complete enough to accept a degree of submission to testing. Much of the literature cited by Rogers is however, very subjective, done by unblinded clinicians and very speculative. Some is purely in the form of no more than reported anecdotes (Rosa, L et al. 1998).This trend has done little to increase the confidence of the analytically minded investigator in the usefulness and relevance of nursing theory. To a casual observer, who considered only these elements of nursing theory, it might appear that the theorists had allowed themselves to become detached from the scientific rigour of logical deduction or experimental constitution and thereby effectively deprived the field of any degree of precision of predictive possibility (which any useful theory should have). To support this view, one can cite Rogers herself (cited in Meleis 1997). Reality does not exist but appears to exist as expressed by human beings.In this respect, we can put in the lead a coherent argument that nursing does not need theory.Having presented this argument, we can also examine the opposing view put forward by professor Margaret Rosenthal (Rosenthal 2000) in her thought provoking book eve r-changing Practice in Health and Social Care. The book itself is primarily about accountability in healthcare, but in its discussion it considers the relevance of the nursing theorists in general. The author puts forward the view that the public have experienced a decline in the trust and standards of the healthcare professionals. She cites the media as being one of the major contributors to this erosion, rather than the actual reality of the situation and suggests that the way forward is to submit all eccentrics of clinical practice to the scrutiny of its evidence base. She suggests rejecting practices that do not have a secure evidence base in favour of those that do so that at every level so that the public in general and the patients in particular, are able to feel confident in every therapeutic engage that they are offered. (quote from McNicol M et al 1993 Pg 219). As an overview the author suggests that all dealings, whether they are practical or theoretical, should have ac countability as their watchword.In some respects, this is a simple conceptual extension of the comments advanced by Florence Nightingale a century and a half earlier, that the ultimate objective of operative in a healthcare environment as a healthcare professional is to provide the best form of support, treatment and care for the patient. (Nightingale F 1859). We would both consort and expand the sentiments expressed by adding that this may be best achieved by considering that the best form of treatment is the one that has the strongest evidence base for its use.Having made these comments, it is appropriate to consider the more positive aspects of nursing theory. If we accept Wadensteins view (Wadenstein B et al. 2003) that it is an important purpose of theories to challenge practice, create new approaches to practice and reforge the structures of rules and principles, past we could usefully progress this argument by considering some of those theories which help to explain patie nt behaviour and thereby modify the nursing approach.The basic nursing process is traditionally based on assessment, planning, implementation and evaluation. The particular theories that we shall consider here, together with the models that they support, all basically follow the same pattern, but each analyses the patient situation from a different aspect or in different terms. (Fawcett J 2005)The Roper Logan Tierney model (Roper, Logan and Tierney 2000) is primarily concerned with the activities of daily living. It requires identification of the problems and then dealing with them on a problem solving basis. This type of model has been extensively reported, evaluated and is one of the most generally accepted models of the nursing process. (Holland K et al. 2003). This type of approach is very useful for problems which are mainly or primarily based on a physical or disability orientated disease process. Its major flaws revolve around the fact that it is not very useful in describin g strategies that cope with patient responses that are overtly manipulative or psychological in nature. The theories that underpin this model have largely withstood the test of time and clinical practice and have accumulated a large evidence base in the literature. (Holland K et al. 2003).For patients who fall into the category of manipulation or functional symptomatology as a result of an version process for coping with their illness the Roy adaptation model (Roy 1991) is useful in describing the abilities of a patient to adapt (or maladapt) to the evolving pattern of their illness. This model allows for changing perceptions and adaptation mechanisms on the part of the patient and can be used to explain the various behaviour patterns exhibited by various patients as their disease trajectory unfolds. It allows for the major patterns of illness adaptation but has the major shortcoming that it does not allow for the behaviour patterns that are consistent with denial of the underlying diagnosis. The patient who has a diagnosis of terminal cancer but copes with a total refusal to accept it and continues as if all is well, is not described in this particular approach. The model dismisses this as a degree of cognitive distortion rather than a coping mechanism. It can be seen as possibly choosing to ignore the reality of the situation and changing the theory to make it more coherent. It would categorise the patient as not adapting to the situation by choosing to ignore it. (Steiger, N. J. et al. 1995)This particular situation is better dealt with by the application of the theories associated with the Johnson Behavioural System ( in Wilkerson et al 1996). This model can be considered useful in describing the situation of denial considered above but it too has shortcomings insofar as most experienced clinicians would note that a patient in denial of a terminal illness almost always is forced into acceptance by the progressive nature of the illness itself. (Johnson, D. E. 1990) The majority hence have to accept their terminal status as they are overtaken by progressive physical manifestations of the disease process and other symptoms.This element of the argument is presented as showing that the basis of some nursing theories is valid and useful but also even the most accepted theories have their shortcomings and limitations. (Tomey A M, Alligood M R 2005). To paraphrase the comment of Wadensten (et al 2003), one can observe that the nursing models and theories all have their place, but one has to add the caveat that there is not one satisfactory theory or model which can account for all aspects of care and all eventualities.The thrust of this essay is directed at the preposition that some nursing theories are indeed useful and some are not. Even a brief consideration of the literature on the subject will stop a plethora of opinions. (Powers, B. A 1995). It is vital to consider each theory or model in isolation and make a critical impression rel ating to its ability to inform the nurse and to predict practice for the overall benefit of the patient. Those, such as the ones discussed in the early part of this essay, which rely heavily on intuition and anecdote and also have a marked lack of independent validation, are clearly less possible to be of value to the practical nurse and, in the worst analysis, in the opinion of Prof. Rosenthal, may contribute to the reduction of public confidence in the healthcare professions in general terms. By contrast, the more accepted, reproducible and statistically valid theories which have predictive value and are amenable to independent validation are much more likely to be considered of value to the profession in general terms.In direct consideration of the title of this essay Does nursing need theory? the considered answer must be a qualified Yes but inside the limitations that we have outlined here.ReferencesAlcock P, 2003Social policy in Britain,Macmillan 2003.Barnum, Barbara J. S. 19 98 Nursing Theory Analysis, Application, Evaluation. 5th ed.Philadelphia Lippincott, Williams Wilkins, 1998 . 2 217-21.Brechin A. Brown, H and Eby, M (2000)Critical Practice in Health and Social CareOpen University, Milton Keynes. 2000Christensen, P., R. Sowell and S.H. Gueldner. 1994.Nursing in Space Theoretical Foundations and Potential Practice Applications within Rogerian Science.Visions The Journal of Rogerian Nursing Science 2. 1994Fawcett J 2005Contemporary Nursing Knowledge Analysis and Evaluation of Nursing Models and Theories, 2nd EditionBoston Davis Co 2005 ISBN 0-8036-1194-3Green J, Britten N. 1998Qualitative research and evidence based medicine.BMJ 1998 316 1230-1233Halpern S D 2005 Towards evidence based bioethics BMJ, Oct 2005 331 901 903 Hogston, R. Simpson, P. M. 2002Foundations in nursing practice 2nd Edition,London Palgrave Macmillian. 2002Holland K, Jenkins, J Solomon J, Whittam S 2003Applying the Roper-Logan-Tierney Model in Practice Churchill Livingston e 2003 ISBN 0443071578Hott, Jacqueline R., and Budin, Wendy C.1999 Notters Essentials of Nursing Research. 6th ed.New York Springer Pub. Co., 1999.Johnson, D. E. 1999.The behavioral system model for nursing. In M. E. Parker (Ed.), Nursing theories in practice (pp. 23-32).New York National League for Nursing.Kuhse Singer 2001A companion to bioethicsISBN 063123019X Pub Date 05 July 2001Mason T and Whitehead E 2003Thinking Nursing.Open University. Maidenhead. 2003McNicol M, Layton A, Morgan G. 1993Team working the key to implementing guidelines.Quality in Health Care 1993Meleis, Afaf. 1997.Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress, 3rd ed.Philadelphia Lippincott, Williams WilkinsMill JS 1982On Liberty, 1982,Harmondsworth Penguin, p 68.Nightingale F 1859Notes on Nursing What is it and what it is notLondon Harrison 1859Polit, Densie F., and Hungler, Bernadette P. 1997 Essentials of Nursing Research Methods, Appraisal, and Utilization. 4th ed.Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkin s, 1997Powers, B. A. Knapp, T. R. (1995).A dictionary of nursing theory and research (2nd Ed.) Thousand Oaks,CA Sage Publications. 1995Rogers, Martha E., 1970An macrocosm to the theoretical basis of nursing.Philadelphia, 1970. F.A. Davis CompanyRoper, Logan and Tierneys (2000)Activities of Living model London Churchill Livingstone 1983 ISBN 0443063737Rosa, L., E. Rosa, L. Sarner and S. Barrett. 1998.A Close Look at Therapeutic Touch.JAMA 1 April 1005-1010.Rosenthal MA 2000 Book Changing Practice in Health and Social Care BMJ, Nov 2000 321 1355 Roy C 1991An Adaption model (Notes on the Nursing theories Vol 3)OUP London 1991Semmelweis IP. 1861Die aetiologie, der begriff und die prophylaxis des kindbettfiebers. Pest, Wien und LeipzigCA Hartlebens Verlags-Expedition 1861.Steiger, N. J. Lipson, J.G. (1995).Self-care nursing Theory and practice.Bowie Md. 1997Tomey A M, Alligood M R 2005Nursing Theorists and Their Work, 6th edition Mosby ISBN 0323030106 Published November 2005Waden stein B Carlsson M 2003Nursing theory views on how to support the process of ageing. J Adv Nurs. 2003 Apr 42 (2) 118-24.Yura H, Walsh M. 1998The nursing process. Assessing, planning, implementing, evaluating. 5th edition. Norwalk, CT Appleton Lange, 1998.16.6.06 PDG Word count 3,272

Art Exhibit on Brown Versus Board of Educaiton Essay -- African Americ

Like A Fish out of Water Ill be the first to admit it I cannot understand art for the life of me. That universe said, Im somehow always tricked into thinking I do. Ive tried my hand at being one of those intellectuals who goes to art museums for recreation, and enjoys analyzing pictures, paintings and monochromic blobs. exclusively e genuinely time I drag myself to a museum, I end up discovering the same three truths about myself 1. Im horrible at grasping the artists message. 2. I get frustrated with things I dont understand. 3. When I get frustrated, I get mad. That being said, it was just natural that I go to the Krannert Art Museum to see the brown v. Board of Education exhibit. Ive never been to the Krannert Art Museum, and honestly did not expect very much. I mean, how much worthwhile art can a college museum in the middle of a cornfield house? I cautiously entered the building, trying to stimulate like I had been there before. The gold en rule of playing such a part is simple never make eye contact. Once that happens, the jig is up. Somebody will realize I belong in the computer labs north of Green St. and immediately deport me back to the banks of boneyard. So I began calmly racing through the museum, never stopping to look at signs, (regular visitors dont need to look at signs) hoping to find a giant Brown v. Board of Education sign somewhere. And after a couple of laps around the building, I found where I needed to be. I was actu bothy impressed with the arrive of people who were checking out the exhibit. I expected to be the only one in the room, but instead saw a good number of people, for the most part African-American, slowly inspecting every piece. I guess there are peopl... ...ny thing is, my parents came to America to raise a family in a better standard of animated than India. They wanted all of their children to obtain a quality education and receive opportunities unavailable to t hem as youth. But without Brown v. Board, I would have been better move out growing up in India. The message of Arundhati Roys portrait was simple the civil rights movement affected much than Black America it opened doors for all minorities.I took a step back from the portrait, and started walking out of the art museum. An as I left the museum, I did so with a little more gratefulness. While I may not understand the giant pile of bricks in the foyer, or why a man inside an imac keeps shouting do you understand?, I realized it doesnt matter. Not everybody is cut out to be the art-connoisseur. But hey, at least I have the opportunity to hand it a shot.